Research

Wearables & NearablesMarket Map

A structured view of the body-data frontier, mapping how wearables, nearables, ingestibles, and therapeutic devices turn physiology, behavior, sleep, movement, and environment into measurable health signals.

11 categories148 products170 biomarkers94 signals

Desired outcome	How and for whom	Relevant biomarkers, signals, and interventions	Products
Detect cardiovascular deterioration early Trigger lifestyle, medication, clinical-review, or escalation decisions before rhythm or blood-pressure risk becomes acute.	Continuous or repeated tracking of rhythm, blood pressure, vascular, and vital-sign patterns to reveal clinically relevant change between appointments. Target group: Adults 40+, people with hypertension or arrhythmia risk, cardiology practices, remote patient monitoring teams.
Improve sleep recovery and flag sleep-disorder risk Help users sleep better, recover more reliably, and identify when sleep-apnea or breathing issues need formal assessment.	Overnight sensing for sleep stages, breathing disturbance, apnea risk, recovery, bedroom context, and sleep-improvement interventions. Target group: Consumers optimizing recovery, sleep clinics, fatigue-focused clinicians, employers, athletes, and people with suspected sleep apnea.
Personalize food, exercise, and medication around metabolic response Reduce glucose volatility, improve metabolic control, and make nutrition or therapy decisions based on individual response data.	Tracking glucose, fuel use, nutrition response, and related metabolic signals to connect meals, exercise, medication, and lifestyle to physiology. Target group: People with diabetes or prediabetes, metabolic-health consumers, longevity clinics, nutrition coaches, and digital therapeutics teams.
Prevent overload and guide recovery behavior Detect stress accumulation early enough to adjust workload, sleep, breathing, recovery routines, or clinical support.	Combining autonomic, endocrine, and neural signals to estimate stress load, relaxation, cognitive effort, and recovery readiness. Target group: High performers, mental-health and stress-management programs, researchers, employers, and wellness consumers.
Reduce fall risk and improve mobility confidence Spot gait decline, balance disruption, or movement symptoms early and support safer walking, rehab progress, or assistive cueing.	Movement and biomechanics sensing for mobility assessment, gait analysis, fall risk, rehabilitation, and assistive cueing. Target group: Older adults, neurological patients, rehabilitation clinics, Parkinson’s programs, sports medicine, and mobility-tech teams.
Support fertility, pregnancy, and hormone-related care decisions Time conception efforts, monitor pregnancy signals, quantify symptoms, or guide reproductive-health conversations with better longitudinal data.	Cycle, fertility, pregnancy, pelvic-floor, lactation, and menopause sensing across intimate, wearable, and nearable products. Target group: Women tracking fertility or cycle health, pregnant patients, menopause programs, pelvic-health clinicians, and femtech platforms.
Prevent dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and heat strain Guide fluid, sodium, rest, and cooling decisions before performance drops or heat exposure becomes unsafe.	Sweat and temperature-linked sensing for fluid loss, electrolyte replacement, heat stress, and performance or workplace safety decisions. Target group: Athletes, military and industrial teams, occupational health programs, coaches, and heat-exposed workers.
Reduce harmful environmental and workplace exposure Identify exposure hotspots and change behavior, workspace design, protective equipment, or policy before cumulative harm builds.	Personal or near-body monitoring of air quality, gases, particulate exposure, noise, and other environmental risks. Target group: Workplace safety teams, people with respiratory sensitivity, urban-health researchers, insurers, and environmental-health programs.
Prevent ulcers and monitor wound healing earlier Detect inflammation, temperature asymmetry, or wound deterioration early enough to intervene before complications escalate.	Local sensing and imaging for foot temperature asymmetry, wound status, infection risk, skin exposure, and healing progression. Target group: Diabetic-foot programs, wound-care teams, dermatology and podiatry clinics, home-care providers, and at-risk older adults.
Reduce pain episodes and symptom burden Lower migraine or chronic-pain symptom burden, reduce medication reliance where appropriate, and give patients a non-drug intervention option they can use at home.	Wearable neuromodulation products that deliver targeted electrical stimulation and track symptom response for migraine, fibromyalgia, or other pain-related conditions. Target group: People with migraine or chronic pain, neurologists, pain clinics, digital therapeutics programs, and consumers seeking non-pharmacological relief options.
Deliver or adjust therapy at the right moment Improve symptom control, adherence, safety, or independence by delivering insulin, stimulation, cues, amplification, or robotic assistance when needed.	On-body or near-body systems that deliver, modulate, cue, or log interventions such as insulin, stimulation, audio amplification, and robotic assistance. Target group: Patients using connected therapies, clinicians managing chronic conditions, rehab teams, migraine/pain programs, and assistive-tech users.
Identify digestive triggers and guide GI workups Connect symptoms, food response, gas patterns, pH, pressure, or transit data to diet changes, diagnostics, or clinical treatment decisions.	Breath, ingestible, and digestive sensing for gas profiles, pH, pressure, temperature, transit, fermentation, and symptom context. Target group: GI clinics, digestive-health consumers, food-intolerance programs, motility specialists, and microbiome or nutrition researchers.


Wearables that monitor cardiovascular, neurological, respiratory, and clinical safety signals for diagnosis, screening, or remote patient monitoring.	Cardiovascular and vascularRespiratory and sleepNeurological and neuromuscularMusculoskeletal and biomechanicsSkin, wound, and dermatologyEnvironmental exposureTherapeutic output and device control	AFib / arrhythmia indicationblood pressurediastolic blood pressureECG waveformfall eventsheart rateheart rhythmheart-rate variabilitylung functionmean arterial pressure trendnon-invasive blood pressureoxygen saturation / SpO2peripheral arterial tonePPG waveformpulse pressurepulse ratesystolic blood pressureweightactigraphyairflowbody positionHappy Health Apnea Hypopnea Index / hAHIrespiration raterespiratory effortrespiratory ratesleep apnea eventssleep durationsleep stagessnoringtotal sleep timebradykinesiaconvulsive seizure eventsdyskinesiaelectrodermal activitymedication response patternstremoractivitybed exitmotionmovementpostureskin temperatureambient lightearly warning scorepatient deterioration alert	24
Personal or near-body devices that quantify environmental exposures such as air quality, noise, temperature, and workplace hazards.	Metabolic and biochemicalSkin, wound, and dermatologyEnvironmental exposure	sun-exposure durationsunscreen reapplication timingUV exposureUV intensityambient temperaturebarometric pressurecarbon dioxidecarbon monoxideformaldehydehumiditylightmold indexnitrogen dioxidenoise doseNOxozoneparticulate matterPM1PM10PM2.5radonsound leveltime-weighted noise exposurevirus indexVOCs	8
Head, eye, ear, and brain interfaces that capture neural, ocular, auditory, camera, or interaction signals.	Cardiovascular and vascularRespiratory and sleepNeurological and neuromuscularMetabolic and biochemicalMusculoskeletal and biomechanicsSkin, wound, and dermatologySensory, imaging, and interaction signalsTherapeutic output and device control	heart ratePPG waveformsleep architecturesleep durationsleep stagesslow-wave sleepbody positionbrain activitybrain-age estimatecognitive effortcognitive performancecognitive trendconcentration stateEEGEEG waveformEMGEOGfNIRS cerebral hemodynamic signalhead movementneurofeedback stateneurological event patternneurophysiologyrelaxation statestressvigilance stateblood-flow drop eventscerebral blood-flow trendcycle signaldigital biomarkersenergyfocus statehead blood flowmoodsocial interaction patternssymptom patternactivitymovement contextpostureambient light / UVbody temperature trendaudio environmentintraocular pressure patternocular dimensional changevoice/toneaudio amplification	13
Ingestible, breath, and textile-based products that measure gut gases, GI conditions, transit, imaging, or digestive responses.	Metabolic and biochemicalNutrition intake and eating behaviorEnvironmental exposureSensory, imaging, and interaction signalsTherapeutic output and device control	breath hydrogenbreath methanedigestive-state patternfermentation responseflatus hydrogengas eventsGI pHGI pressureGI temperatureGI transit responsegut carbon dioxidegut hydrogengut methanegut oxygennutrition-response patterntransit timemeal responsebowel soundsgut soundsGI camera imagesvibration therapy	9
Body-worn or intimate devices focused on fertility, pregnancy, pelvic floor, lactation, menstrual, and menopause-related physiology.	Cardiovascular and vascularRespiratory and sleepMetabolic and biochemicalReproductive and hormonalMusculoskeletal and biomechanicsSkin, wound, and dermatology	fetal heart rateheart rateheart-rate variabilitymaternal heart rateresting pulsebreathing ratesleep durationcervical fluid electrolytesmenstrual fluid hormone signalnight sweatscore body temperaturecup fill levelestrogenfertile windowfertile-window signalFSHhormone patternhormone signalhot flashesLHmenstrual blood biomarkersmenstrual flow volumemilk volumeovulation temperature shiftPdGpelvic-floor forceperfusionprogesteronepump session timinguterine activityvaginal pHexercise performancemotioninflammation signalskin temperature	16
Consumer watches, rings, straps, and garments that continuously track general health, recovery, sleep, and fitness physiology.	Cardiovascular and vascularRespiratory and sleepNeurological and neuromuscularMetabolic and biochemicalReproductive and hormonalMusculoskeletal and biomechanicsSkin, wound, and dermatologyTherapeutic output and device control	accelerometryECG waveformheart rateheart rhythmheart-rate variabilityoxygen saturation / SpO2R-R intervalsvascular health trendsrespiratory ratesleep apnea indicatorssleep durationsleep stagesstress scorereadinessmenstrual cycle contextactivityposturestep countskin temperaturevibration alert	18
Wearables and near-body sensors that quantify glucose, sweat, breath, saliva, hormones, nutrition, and other biochemical or metabolic signals.	Respiratory and sleepMetabolic and biochemicalNutrition intake and eating behaviorReproductive and hormonalMusculoskeletal and biomechanicsSkin, wound, and dermatology	sleep durationbreath carbon dioxidecollected sweat samplecortisoldownstream sweat biomarkersdrug levelselectrolytesepinephrinefluid lossfree cortisolglucoseglucose responseglucose trendglucose trendsglucose variabilityheat strainhigh glucose eventshydration recommendationhydration statusinterstitial fluid biomarkersinterstitial glucoselow glucose eventsmetabolic fuel-use estimatenorepinephrinepharmaceutical compoundsproteinssalivary cortisolsalivary lactatesalivary uric acidsodiumsodium losssweat ratesweat volumetissue-fluid glucoseurine hydrationurine specific gravitybite eventscalorie intakeeating behavioreating speedfood intakemacronutrientsmeal timingmicronutrientsportion sizehormone signalactivityskin temperature	24
Foot, leg, and body-worn systems that assess gait, balance, walking patterns, mobility disruption, and movement support.	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	activitybalancefreezing of gaitgaitgait disruptionsgait eventshaptic feedbackwalking patternwalking speed	1
Bed-integrated, under-mattress, bedside, and room-based systems that monitor sleep, recovery, breathing, overnight physiology, or clinical bed status without being worn on the body.	Cardiovascular and vascularRespiratory and sleepMetabolic and biochemicalMusculoskeletal and biomechanicsEnvironmental exposureTherapeutic output and device control	heart rateheart-rate variabilityresting heart ratebreath ratebreathing disturbancesbreathing raterespiration raterespiratory ratesleep apnea eventssleep disturbancessleep durationsleep efficiencysleep quality scoresleep stagessnoringsnoring durationsnoring intensityair qualityairflow adjustmentbed elevationbedroom air qualitypressure signalrecovery scorerestlessnessbed exitbed occupancybed presencemovementambient lightambient temperaturebarometric pressurebed temperaturebedroom temperaturehumiditylight exposureroom temperaturesound levelsnoring responsesupport adjustmenttemperature regulation outputvibration alarm	9
Smart garments, socks, insoles, patches, and imaging tools focused on skin, feet, wounds, pressure, UV, and textile-based sensing.	Metabolic and biochemicalMusculoskeletal and biomechanicsSkin, wound, and dermatology	sunscreen reapplication timingtime-to-burn estimateactivitycadencefoot contact timefoot strikegaitimpact forcemotionplantar pressurebacterial fluorescencecumulative UV doseelectrical impedancefoot temperatureinflammation signalthermal imageUV exposureUVA exposureUVB exposurewound areawound statuswound temperature	10
Wearable systems that deliver therapy, stimulation, insulin, robotic assistance, haptics, or device-control output.	Cardiovascular and vascularRespiratory and sleepNeurological and neuromuscularMetabolic and biochemicalMusculoskeletal and biomechanicsTherapeutic output and device control	heart-rate variabilitysleep durationsleep qualitybrain activitycognitive decline measuresEEGfatigueMRI brain-volume endpointsrelaxation responsestressbone growth supportCSF lipid transport biomarkersexternal CGM glucose inputfunctional decline measuresfusion healing supportglucose management contextmobilityrecoverybalancegaitgamma wave activityjoint movementrobotic assistance levelstep countwalking ability1-unit bolus optionauricular vagus nerve stimulationbasal insulin ratebolus insulin deliverybolus insulin eventcapacitively coupled electrical stimulationelectrical stimulationinsulin deliverymealtime insulin dosemigraine symptom responsepain symptom responseremote electrical neuromodulationtouch-therapy vibrationtranscranial electrical stimulationtranscutaneous vibratory stimulationtreatment response	18

BiomarkerSignalIntervention
1-unit bolus option	Therapeutic output and device control	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-regulated output	U or dose event	Session / event-based	A therapy output, dose, stimulation, haptic, control, or assistance state generated or logged by the wearable system.	Therapy delivery, dose logging, stimulation control, symptom response tracking, and assistive or haptic output verification.
accelerometry	Cardiovascular and vascular	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A cardiovascular measure or derived cardiac/vascular state, usually interpreted from ECG, optical pulse, pressure, or rhythm algorithms.	Cardiac risk context, rhythm review, vascular trend tracking, recovery interpretation, and escalation to clinical review where appropriate.
actigraphy	Respiratory and sleep	Well-established consumer	Device-dependent validation	movement counts / epoch	Overnight / daily	Sleep and rest/activity pattern inferred from small body movements, usually from wrist, finger, or sleep-test sensors. Examples: breathing-rate time series, movement-derived sleep window, oxygen desaturation pattern.	Sleep quality, sleep-disordered breathing screening, respiratory trend monitoring, and recovery or fatigue interpretation.
activity	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Well-established consumer	Product-dependent evidence	count, speed, force, or pattern	Continuous / repeated	Body movement, position, posture, or activity intensity from inertial sensors and wearable algorithms. Examples: accelerometer/gyroscope pattern, plantar-pressure map, step timing sequence.	Gait assessment, rehab progress, mobility risk context, sports technique feedback, and assistive device control. Examples: fall-risk context, Parkinsonian gait cueing, rehab progress.
AFib / arrhythmia indication	Cardiovascular and vascular	Derived / proxy	Clinical / regulated use	rhythm class / waveform	Product-dependent	An algorithmic rhythm finding derived from ECG waveform or continuous pulse/rhythm data, indicating possible atrial fibrillation or another arrhythmia pattern. Examples: multi-day adhesive ECG patch, single-lead smartwatch ECG, six-lead handheld ECG.	Rhythm documentation, AFib/arrhythmia screening, ambulatory cardiac diagnostics, and escalation to clinical review when a trace is suspicious. Examples: AFib screening, ambulatory arrhythmia workup, clinician-review trace.
air quality	Metabolic and biochemical	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
airflow	Respiratory and sleep	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A breathing, oxygenation, sleep, or overnight physiology measure inferred from motion, optical, respiratory, or electrophysiology sensors.	Sleep quality, sleep-disordered breathing screening, respiratory trend monitoring, and recovery or fatigue interpretation.
airflow adjustment	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
ambient light	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	ppm, ug/m3, dB, %, or dose	Continuous / repeated	An exposure level or environmental event near the wearer, such as air quality, gas, sound, odor, temperature, or workplace dose. Examples: indoor radon/VOC level, occupational noise dose, personal air-quality reading.	Personal exposure logging, workplace compliance, indoor-air-quality action, and environmental risk attribution. Examples: exposure attribution, indoor-air action, workplace compliance.
ambient light / UV	Skin, wound, and dermatology	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	ppm, ug/m3, dB, %, or dose	Product-dependent	Cumulative ultraviolet exposure dose measured by a skin-worn or personal exposure sensor. Examples: skin temperature trend, skin/wound pH strip or patch, wound thermal image.	Diabetic-foot monitoring, wound healing/infection triage, dermatology/UV behavior feedback, and chronic-wound follow-up. Examples: diabetic-foot monitoring, sun-exposure behavior, wound infection triage.
ambient temperature	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	deg C	Continuous / repeated	Air temperature near the person or workplace environment, captured by a personal or nearable exposure monitor. Examples: ambient air temperature near the wearer, indoor or workplace temperature trend.	Heat/cold exposure context, workplace safety interpretation, indoor-air-quality context, and environmental risk attribution. Examples: heat/cold exposure context, indoor-air action, workplace safety.
audio amplification	Therapeutic output and device control	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-regulated output	score / category	Session / event-based	A device output that amplifies and shapes sound for the wearer, usually tuned for mild-to-moderate hearing support.	Hearing support, speech audibility, situational awareness, and verification that the glasses are delivering an amplification setting rather than measuring a health biomarker.
audio environment	Sensory, imaging, and interaction signals	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	dB or audio class	Session / event-based	Ambient sound context around the wearer, such as loudness, speech/noise class, or audio-scene category.	Hands-free interaction, hearing or context-aware features, environmental audio awareness, and AI assistant input.
auricular vagus nerve stimulation	Therapeutic output and device control	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-regulated output	event / state	Session / event-based	A device output or therapy event, such as insulin dose/delivery, electrical stimulation, haptic feedback, or neuromodulation session. Examples: assistance or haptic-output level, dose event, stimulation session.	Sleep staging, seizure/movement-disorder monitoring, brain-computer interfaces, cognitive workload tracking, neuromodulation targeting, or relaxation feedback. Examples: brain-computer interface control, seizure detection, sleep staging.
bacterial fluorescence	Skin, wound, and dermatology	Clinical-grade	Clinical / regulated use	image / area	Product-dependent	Image-derived data from optical, thermal, capsule-camera, or fluorescence capture. Examples: bacterial fluorescence signal, wound fluorescence image.	Diabetic-foot monitoring, wound healing/infection triage, dermatology/UV behavior feedback, and chronic-wound follow-up. Examples: diabetic-foot monitoring, sun-exposure behavior, wound infection triage.
balance	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	pattern, count, or state	Product-dependent	A movement, force, gait, balance, posture, or interaction pattern measured by motion sensors, pressure sensors, footwear, or robotic systems. Examples: accelerometer/gyroscope pattern, plantar-pressure map, step timing sequence.	Mobility assessment, Parkinsonian gait/freezing detection, fall-risk context, rehab progress, and cueing or robotic assistance. Examples: fall-risk context, Parkinsonian gait cueing, rehab progress.
barometric pressure	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	count, speed, force, or pattern	Continuous / repeated	Mechanical load, pressure, or force on a sensor surface, such as foot pressure, pelvic-floor force, GI capsule pressure, or haptic force. Examples: indoor radon/VOC level, occupational noise dose, personal air-quality reading.	Personal exposure logging, workplace compliance, indoor-air-quality action, and environmental risk attribution. Examples: exposure attribution, indoor-air action, workplace compliance.
basal insulin rate	Therapeutic output and device control	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-regulated output	U/hour	Continuous / repeated	A device output or therapy event, such as insulin dose/delivery, electrical stimulation, haptic feedback, or neuromodulation session. Examples: assistance or haptic-output level, dose event, stimulation session.	Closed-loop or on-body therapy, symptom relief, assistive control, rehabilitation support, and product output verification. Examples: assistive control, closed-loop therapy, symptom relief.
bed elevation	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
bed exit	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	event / state	Product-dependent	A transition out of bed or bed-exit event, used as a safety signal in clinical and elder-care monitoring.	Caregiver safety workflows, bed-exit alerts, adherence/context checks, and distinguishing in-bed sleep data from out-of-bed periods.
bed occupancy	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	present / absent	Product-dependent	Whether a person is present in bed, inferred from pressure, motion, radar, or under-mattress sensor signals.	Caregiver safety workflows, bed-exit alerts, adherence/context checks, and distinguishing in-bed sleep data from out-of-bed periods.
bed presence	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	present / absent	Product-dependent	Whether a person is present in bed, inferred from pressure, motion, radar, or under-mattress sensor signals.	Caregiver safety workflows, bed-exit alerts, adherence/context checks, and distinguishing in-bed sleep data from out-of-bed periods.
bed temperature	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	deg C	Continuous / repeated	Sleep-environment context captured by bed, bedside, or room sensors, such as mattress temperature, bedroom temperature, or light level. Examples: skin temperature trend, skin/wound pH strip or patch, wound thermal image.	Understanding environmental contributors to sleep quality and driving room, bedding, or temperature-control recommendations.
bedroom air quality	Metabolic and biochemical	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
bedroom temperature	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	deg C	Continuous / repeated	Sleep-environment context captured by bed, bedside, or room sensors, such as mattress temperature, bedroom temperature, or light level. Examples: skin temperature trend, skin/wound pH strip or patch, wound thermal image.	Understanding environmental contributors to sleep quality and driving room, bedding, or temperature-control recommendations.
bite events	Nutrition intake and eating behavior	Derived / proxy	Emerging / research-heavy	event / state	Session / event-based	Eating behavior or nutrition signal, such as bite count, bite speed, meal timing, portion size, calories, or nutrient category. Examples: bite count, meal timing, portion-size estimate.	Meal awareness, slower eating, portion coaching, nutrient-pattern feedback, and metabolic-health behavior change. Examples: nutrition-pattern feedback, portion awareness, slower eating coaching.
blood pressure	Cardiovascular and vascular	Emerging / context-dependent	Clinical / regulated use	mmHg	Continuous / repeated	Systolic/diastolic arterial pressure, either cuff-based or estimated continuously/cufflessly from optical and timing signals. Examples: cuffless optical pulse-wave estimate, inflatable wrist cuff pressure, nighttime BP trend.	Hypertension tracking, medication/lifestyle response, nighttime BP patterns, and cardiovascular risk management without repeated cuff readings. Examples: hypertension follow-up, medication response, nocturnal BP monitoring.
blood-flow drop events	Metabolic and biochemical	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	event / state	Session / event-based	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
body position	Neurological and neuromuscular	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	Body movement, position, posture, or activity intensity from inertial sensors and wearable algorithms.	Neurological monitoring, movement-disorder assessment, brain/body interface control, sleep staging, cognitive load, or neuromodulation feedback.
body temperature trend	Skin, wound, and dermatology	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	deg C	Continuous / repeated	Temperature at the relevant sensing site for the product, such as skin, foot, wound, ambient air, core/vaginal, or GI tract. Examples: skin temperature trend, skin/wound pH strip or patch, wound thermal image.	Wound follow-up, diabetic-foot risk monitoring, skin condition tracking, infection triage, and UV or dermatology behavior feedback.
bolus insulin delivery	Therapeutic output and device control	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-regulated output	U or dose event	Session / event-based	A device output or therapy event, such as insulin dose/delivery, electrical stimulation, haptic feedback, or neuromodulation session. Examples: assistance or haptic-output level, dose event, stimulation session.	Closed-loop or on-body therapy, symptom relief, assistive control, rehabilitation support, and product output verification. Examples: assistive control, closed-loop therapy, symptom relief.
bolus insulin event	Therapeutic output and device control	Derived / proxy	Product-regulated output	U or dose event	Session / event-based	A device output or therapy event, such as insulin dose/delivery, electrical stimulation, haptic feedback, or neuromodulation session. Examples: assistance or haptic-output level, dose event, stimulation session.	Closed-loop or on-body therapy, symptom relief, assistive control, rehabilitation support, and product output verification. Examples: assistive control, closed-loop therapy, symptom relief.
bone growth support	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
bowel sounds	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	ppm, ug/m3, dB, %, or dose	Continuous / repeated	Personal environmental exposure near the wearer, such as air pollutants, radon, humidity, sound level, or occupational noise dose. Examples: indoor radon/VOC level, occupational noise dose, personal air-quality reading.	Personal exposure logging, workplace compliance, indoor-air-quality action, and environmental risk attribution. Examples: exposure attribution, indoor-air action, workplace compliance.
bradykinesia	Neurological and neuromuscular	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	score, severity, or event state	Continuous / repeated	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing.	Neurological monitoring, movement-disorder assessment, brain/body interface control, sleep staging, cognitive load, or neuromodulation feedback.
brain activity	Neurological and neuromuscular	Well-established consumer	Product-dependent evidence	waveform / derived metric	Continuous / repeated	Body movement, position, posture, or activity intensity from inertial sensors and wearable algorithms. Examples: in-ear EEG electrodes, muscle activation waveform, scalp EEG channels.	Sleep staging, seizure/movement-disorder monitoring, brain-computer interfaces, cognitive workload tracking, neuromodulation targeting, or relaxation feedback. Examples: fall-risk context, Parkinsonian gait cueing, rehab progress.
brain-age estimate	Neurological and neuromuscular	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing. Examples: in-ear EEG electrodes, muscle activation waveform, scalp EEG channels.	Sleep staging, seizure/movement-disorder monitoring, brain-computer interfaces, cognitive workload tracking, neuromodulation targeting, or relaxation feedback. Examples: brain-computer interface control, seizure detection, sleep staging.
breath carbon dioxide	Metabolic and biochemical	Well-established consumer	Product-dependent evidence	ppm or %	Continuous / repeated	Gas concentration or event signal from breath, ingestible capsules, or flatus sensing, especially hydrogen, methane, oxygen, or carbon dioxide. Examples: breath hydrogen/methane, GI gas concentration profile, ingestible gas capsule reading.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
breath hydrogen	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	ppm or %	Continuous / repeated	Gas concentration or event signal from breath, ingestible capsules, or flatus sensing, especially hydrogen, methane, oxygen, or carbon dioxide. Examples: breath hydrogen/methane, GI gas concentration profile, ingestible gas capsule reading.	Food intolerance workups, GI motility assessment, fermentation response, capsule diagnostics, and digestive-behavior feedback. Examples: fermentation response, food intolerance assessment, motility testing.
breath methane	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	ppm or %	Continuous / repeated	Gas concentration or event signal from breath, ingestible capsules, or flatus sensing, especially hydrogen, methane, oxygen, or carbon dioxide. Examples: breath hydrogen/methane, GI gas concentration profile, ingestible gas capsule reading.	Food intolerance workups, GI motility assessment, fermentation response, capsule diagnostics, and digestive-behavior feedback. Examples: fermentation response, food intolerance assessment, motility testing.
breath rate	Respiratory and sleep	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Spot check / episode	Gas concentration or event signal from breath, ingestible capsules, or flatus sensing, especially hydrogen, methane, oxygen, or carbon dioxide. Examples: breath hydrogen/methane, GI gas concentration profile, ingestible gas capsule reading.	Sleep quality, sleep-disordered breathing screening, respiratory trend monitoring, and recovery or fatigue interpretation.
breathing disturbances	Respiratory and sleep	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	event / state	Spot check / episode	Breaths per minute or breathing-pattern signal from chest motion, impedance, ECG-derived respiration, or wearable algorithms. Examples: breathing-rate time series, movement-derived sleep window, oxygen desaturation pattern.	Sleep apnea screening, respiratory compromise detection, cardiorespiratory trend monitoring, and recovery/sleep interpretation. Examples: recovery coaching, sleep apnea screening, sleep-stage scoring.
breathing rate	Respiratory and sleep	Well-established consumer	Product-dependent evidence	per minute	Spot check / episode	Breaths per minute or breathing-pattern signal from chest motion, impedance, ECG-derived respiration, or wearable algorithms. Examples: breathing-rate time series, movement-derived sleep window, oxygen desaturation pattern.	Sleep apnea screening, respiratory compromise detection, cardiorespiratory trend monitoring, and recovery/sleep interpretation. Examples: recovery coaching, sleep apnea screening, sleep-stage scoring.
cadence	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	count, speed, force, or pattern	Product-dependent	Walking rhythm, step timing, cadence, speed, interruptions, or gait-event sequence from foot, shoe, insole, or body sensors. Examples: accelerometer/gyroscope pattern, plantar-pressure map, step timing sequence.	Gait assessment, rehab progress, mobility risk context, sports technique feedback, and assistive device control.
calorie intake	Nutrition intake and eating behavior	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	Eating behavior or nutrition signal, such as bite count, bite speed, meal timing, portion size, calories, or nutrient category. Examples: bite count, meal timing, portion-size estimate.	Meal awareness, slower eating, portion coaching, nutrient-pattern feedback, and metabolic-health behavior change. Examples: nutrition-pattern feedback, portion awareness, slower eating coaching.
capacitively coupled electrical stimulation	Therapeutic output and device control	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-regulated output	event / state	Session / event-based	A device output or therapy event, such as insulin dose/delivery, electrical stimulation, haptic feedback, or neuromodulation session. Examples: assistance or haptic-output level, dose event, stimulation session.	Closed-loop or on-body therapy, symptom relief, assistive control, rehabilitation support, and product output verification. Examples: assistive control, closed-loop therapy, symptom relief.
carbon dioxide	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	ppm or %	Continuous / repeated	An exposure level or environmental event near the wearer, such as air quality, gas, sound, odor, temperature, or workplace dose.	Exposure attribution, occupational safety, indoor-air decisions, environmental behavior change, and compliance documentation.
carbon monoxide	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	ppm, ug/m3, dB, %, or dose	Continuous / repeated	Personal environmental exposure near the wearer, such as air pollutants, radon, humidity, sound level, or occupational noise dose. Examples: indoor radon/VOC level, occupational noise dose, personal air-quality reading.	Personal exposure logging, workplace compliance, indoor-air-quality action, and environmental risk attribution. Examples: exposure attribution, indoor-air action, workplace compliance.
cerebral blood-flow trend	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
cervical fluid electrolytes	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Emerging / research-heavy	concentration	Product-dependent	Electrolyte concentration or sodium loss, commonly from sweat patches and, in fertility products, cervical-fluid conductivity. Examples: electrolyte concentration, sodium loss, sweat rate.	Hydration planning, electrolyte replacement, heat-risk prevention, athlete fueling, and occupational safety decisions. Examples: athlete fueling, fluid replacement, heat-risk prevention.
cognitive decline measures	Neurological and neuromuscular	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing. Examples: in-ear EEG electrodes, muscle activation waveform, scalp EEG channels.	Sleep staging, seizure/movement-disorder monitoring, brain-computer interfaces, cognitive workload tracking, neuromodulation targeting, or relaxation feedback. Examples: brain-computer interface control, seizure detection, sleep staging.
cognitive effort	Neurological and neuromuscular	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing. Examples: in-ear EEG electrodes, muscle activation waveform, scalp EEG channels.	Sleep staging, seizure/movement-disorder monitoring, brain-computer interfaces, cognitive workload tracking, neuromodulation targeting, or relaxation feedback. Examples: brain-computer interface control, seizure detection, sleep staging.
cognitive performance	Neurological and neuromuscular	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing. Examples: in-ear EEG electrodes, muscle activation waveform, scalp EEG channels.	Sleep staging, seizure/movement-disorder monitoring, brain-computer interfaces, cognitive workload tracking, neuromodulation targeting, or relaxation feedback. Examples: brain-computer interface control, seizure detection, sleep staging.
cognitive trend	Neurological and neuromuscular	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing. Examples: in-ear EEG electrodes, muscle activation waveform, scalp EEG channels.	Sleep staging, seizure/movement-disorder monitoring, brain-computer interfaces, cognitive workload tracking, neuromodulation targeting, or relaxation feedback. Examples: brain-computer interface control, seizure detection, sleep staging.
collected sweat sample	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Emerging / research-heavy	score / category	Continuous / repeated	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing. Examples: electrolyte concentration, sodium loss, sweat rate.	Hydration planning, electrolyte replacement, heat-risk prevention, athlete fueling, and occupational safety decisions. Examples: athlete fueling, fluid replacement, heat-risk prevention.
concentration state	Neurological and neuromuscular	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing.	Neurological monitoring, movement-disorder assessment, brain/body interface control, sleep staging, cognitive load, or neuromodulation feedback.
convulsive seizure events	Neurological and neuromuscular	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	event / state	Session / event-based	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing.	Sleep staging, seizure/movement-disorder monitoring, brain-computer interfaces, cognitive workload tracking, neuromodulation targeting, or relaxation feedback. Examples: brain-computer interface control, seizure detection, sleep staging.
core body temperature	Reproductive and hormonal	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	deg C	Continuous / repeated	Continuous or repeated core/vaginal temperature trend used as a reproductive or ovulation-related physiological signal. Examples: overnight core/vaginal temperature trend, ovulation-related temperature shift.	Ovulation estimation, fertile-window timing, cycle-context interpretation, and reproductive-health trend tracking. Examples: cycle-context tracking, fertile-window estimate, ovulation timing.
cortisol	Metabolic and biochemical	Experimental / research	Emerging / research-heavy	concentration	Spot check / episode	Free or total cortisol signal from sweat, saliva, or interstitial-fluid molecular sensing. Examples: interstitial-fluid analyte trend, saliva hormone concentration, sweat molecular signal.	Stress-state profiling, endocrine rhythm monitoring, intervention response, and high-frequency molecular research. Examples: circadian/endocrine tracking, intervention response, stress-state profiling.
CSF lipid transport biomarkers	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
cumulative UV dose	Skin, wound, and dermatology	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	event / state	Session / event-based	Cumulative ultraviolet exposure dose measured by a skin-worn or personal exposure sensor. Examples: skin temperature trend, skin/wound pH strip or patch, wound thermal image.	Diabetic-foot monitoring, wound healing/infection triage, dermatology/UV behavior feedback, and chronic-wound follow-up. Examples: diabetic-foot monitoring, sun-exposure behavior, wound infection triage.
cup fill level	Reproductive and hormonal	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	mL or fill level	Product-dependent	Reproductive or lactation flow/volume signal, such as menstrual fill level, menstrual biomarkers, milk volume, or pump session timing.	Fertility estimation, pregnancy monitoring, cycle tracking, pelvic-floor training, lactation support, or menopause symptom tracking.
cycle signal	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
diastolic blood pressure	Cardiovascular and vascular	Emerging / context-dependent	Clinical / regulated use	mmHg	Continuous / repeated	Systolic/diastolic arterial pressure, either cuff-based or estimated continuously/cufflessly from optical and timing signals. Examples: cuffless optical pulse-wave estimate, inflatable wrist cuff pressure, nighttime BP trend.	Hypertension tracking, medication/lifestyle response, nighttime BP patterns, and cardiovascular risk management without repeated cuff readings. Examples: hypertension follow-up, medication response, nocturnal BP monitoring.
digestive-state pattern	Metabolic and biochemical	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
digital biomarkers	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing. Examples: breath hydrogen/methane, GI gas concentration profile, ingestible gas capsule reading.	Food intolerance workups, GI motility assessment, fermentation response, capsule diagnostics, and digestive-behavior feedback. Examples: fermentation response, food intolerance assessment, motility testing.
downstream sweat biomarkers	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Emerging / research-heavy	score / category	Continuous / repeated	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing. Examples: electrolyte concentration, sodium loss, sweat rate.	Hydration planning, electrolyte replacement, heat-risk prevention, athlete fueling, and occupational safety decisions. Examples: athlete fueling, fluid replacement, heat-risk prevention.
drug levels	Metabolic and biochemical	Experimental / research	Emerging / research-heavy	concentration or panel	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
dyskinesia	Neurological and neuromuscular	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	score, severity, or event state	Continuous / repeated	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing.	Neurological monitoring, movement-disorder assessment, brain/body interface control, sleep staging, cognitive load, or neuromodulation feedback.
early warning score	Therapeutic output and device control	Derived / proxy	Product-regulated output	event / state	Session / event-based	Composite clinical alert state derived from contactless vital-sign trends, movement, and bed-status changes.	Hospital and remote-monitoring escalation, earlier detection of deterioration, and prioritizing clinical review from contactless trend data.
eating behavior	Nutrition intake and eating behavior	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	An eating behavior, intake, meal-timing, or nutrition-pattern signal inferred from utensil, motion, app, or sensor interaction data. Examples: bite count, meal timing, portion-size estimate.	Meal awareness, slower eating, portion coaching, nutrient-pattern feedback, and metabolic-health behavior change. Examples: nutrition-pattern feedback, portion awareness, slower eating coaching.
eating speed	Nutrition intake and eating behavior	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	An eating behavior, intake, meal-timing, or nutrition-pattern signal inferred from utensil, motion, app, or sensor interaction data. Examples: bite count, meal timing, portion-size estimate.	Meal awareness, slower eating, portion coaching, nutrient-pattern feedback, and metabolic-health behavior change. Examples: nutrition-pattern feedback, portion awareness, slower eating coaching.
ECG waveform	Cardiovascular and vascular	Clinical-grade	Clinical / regulated use	waveform / derived metric	Spot check / episode	A time-series electrical heart trace, usually single-lead in watches/handhelds or multi-day ambulatory ECG in patches. Examples: multi-day adhesive ECG patch, single-lead smartwatch ECG, six-lead handheld ECG.	Rhythm documentation, AFib/arrhythmia screening, ambulatory cardiac diagnostics, and escalation to clinical review when a trace is suspicious. Examples: AFib screening, ambulatory arrhythmia workup, clinician-review trace.
EEG	Neurological and neuromuscular	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	waveform / derived metric	Continuous / repeated	Brain electrical activity from scalp, forehead, headband, in-ear, or cap electrodes. Examples: in-ear EEG electrodes, muscle activation waveform, scalp EEG channels.	Sleep staging, seizure/movement-disorder monitoring, brain-computer interfaces, cognitive workload tracking, neuromodulation targeting, or relaxation feedback. Examples: brain-computer interface control, seizure detection, sleep staging.
EEG waveform	Neurological and neuromuscular	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	waveform / derived metric	Continuous / repeated	Brain electrical activity from scalp, forehead, headband, in-ear, or cap electrodes. Examples: in-ear EEG electrodes, muscle activation waveform, scalp EEG channels.	Sleep staging, seizure/movement-disorder monitoring, brain-computer interfaces, cognitive workload tracking, neuromodulation targeting, or relaxation feedback. Examples: brain-computer interface control, seizure detection, sleep staging.
electrical impedance	Skin, wound, and dermatology	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	ohms	Continuous / repeated	Electrical opposition across tissue or a wound site, used as a local proxy for moisture, healing state, or tissue condition.	Wound follow-up, diabetic-foot risk monitoring, skin condition tracking, infection triage, and UV or dermatology behavior feedback.
electrical stimulation	Therapeutic output and device control	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-regulated output	event / state	Session / event-based	A device output or therapy event, such as insulin dose/delivery, electrical stimulation, haptic feedback, or neuromodulation session. Examples: assistance or haptic-output level, dose event, stimulation session.	Closed-loop or on-body therapy, symptom relief, assistive control, rehabilitation support, and product output verification. Examples: assistive control, closed-loop therapy, symptom relief.
electrodermal activity	Neurological and neuromuscular	Well-established consumer	Product-dependent evidence	count, speed, force, or pattern	Continuous / repeated	Body movement, position, posture, or activity intensity from inertial sensors and wearable algorithms. Examples: accelerometer/gyroscope pattern, plantar-pressure map, step timing sequence.	Neurological monitoring, movement-disorder assessment, brain/body interface control, sleep staging, cognitive load, or neuromodulation feedback. Examples: fall-risk context, Parkinsonian gait cueing, rehab progress.
electrolytes	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Emerging / research-heavy	concentration	Product-dependent	Electrolyte concentration or sodium loss, commonly from sweat patches and, in fertility products, cervical-fluid conductivity. Examples: electrolyte concentration, sodium loss, sweat rate.	Hydration planning, electrolyte replacement, heat-risk prevention, athlete fueling, and occupational safety decisions. Examples: athlete fueling, fluid replacement, heat-risk prevention.
EMG	Neurological and neuromuscular	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	waveform / derived metric	Continuous / repeated	Muscle electrical activation from wrist, face, ear, limb, or body electrodes. Examples: in-ear EEG electrodes, muscle activation waveform, scalp EEG channels.	Sleep staging, seizure/movement-disorder monitoring, brain-computer interfaces, cognitive workload tracking, neuromodulation targeting, or relaxation feedback. Examples: brain-computer interface control, seizure detection, sleep staging.
energy	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
EOG	Neurological and neuromuscular	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	waveform / derived metric	Continuous / repeated	Eye-movement electrical potential, often captured alongside EEG/EMG in sleep or neurotechnology devices. Examples: in-ear EEG electrodes, muscle activation waveform, scalp EEG channels.	Sleep staging, seizure/movement-disorder monitoring, brain-computer interfaces, cognitive workload tracking, neuromodulation targeting, or relaxation feedback. Examples: brain-computer interface control, seizure detection, sleep staging.
epinephrine	Metabolic and biochemical	Experimental / research	Emerging / research-heavy	concentration	Product-dependent	Catecholamine stress-hormone signal captured by experimental sweat or molecular biosensors. Examples: interstitial-fluid analyte trend, saliva hormone concentration, sweat molecular signal.	Stress-state profiling, endocrine rhythm monitoring, intervention response, and high-frequency molecular research. Examples: circadian/endocrine tracking, intervention response, stress-state profiling.
estrogen	Reproductive and hormonal	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A fertility, cycle, pregnancy, pelvic-floor, lactation, menstrual, or menopause-related state or analyte.	Fertility estimation, pregnancy monitoring, cycle tracking, pelvic-floor training, lactation support, or menopause symptom tracking.
exercise performance	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	pattern, count, or state	Product-dependent	A movement, force, gait, balance, posture, or interaction pattern measured by motion sensors, pressure sensors, footwear, or robotic systems.	Gait assessment, rehab progress, mobility risk context, sports technique feedback, and assistive device control.
external CGM glucose input	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Clinical / regulated use	mg/dL or mmol/L input	Continuous / repeated	Glucose values imported from a compatible continuous glucose monitor and used by a pump/controller; this is not measured by the insulin-delivery device itself. Examples: high/low event flag, interstitial glucose mg/dL or mmol/L, trend arrow.	Automated insulin-delivery decisions, safety limits, dosing adaptation, and remote follow-up when a pump/controller is paired with a compatible CGM. Examples: diabetes management, food-response feedback, high/low glucose alerting.
fall events	Cardiovascular and vascular	Derived / proxy	Device-dependent validation	event / state	Session / event-based	A detected fall-like motion event from accelerometer/gyroscope patterns and posture change.	Cardiac risk context, rhythm review, vascular trend tracking, recovery interpretation, and escalation to clinical review where appropriate.
fatigue	Neurological and neuromuscular	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score, severity, or event state	Continuous / repeated	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing.	Neurological monitoring, movement-disorder assessment, brain/body interface control, sleep staging, cognitive load, or neuromodulation feedback.
fermentation response	Metabolic and biochemical	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	Gas concentration or event signal from breath, ingestible capsules, or flatus sensing, especially hydrogen, methane, oxygen, or carbon dioxide. Examples: breath hydrogen/methane, GI gas concentration profile, ingestible gas capsule reading.	Food intolerance workups, GI motility assessment, fermentation response, capsule diagnostics, and digestive-behavior feedback. Examples: fermentation response, food intolerance assessment, motility testing.
fertile window	Reproductive and hormonal	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	date window / probability	Overnight / daily	A fertility, cycle, pregnancy, pelvic-floor, lactation, menstrual, or menopause-related state or analyte.	Fertility-window estimation, pregnancy surveillance, pelvic-floor training, menstrual tracking, lactation support, and menopause symptom monitoring. Examples: fertile-window estimate, menopause symptom tracking, pregnancy monitoring.
fertile-window signal	Reproductive and hormonal	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	date window / probability	Overnight / daily	A fertility, cycle, pregnancy, pelvic-floor, lactation, menstrual, or menopause-related state or analyte.	Fertility-window estimation, pregnancy surveillance, pelvic-floor training, menstrual tracking, lactation support, and menopause symptom monitoring. Examples: fertile-window estimate, menopause symptom tracking, pregnancy monitoring.
fetal heart rate	Cardiovascular and vascular	Clinical-grade	Clinical / regulated use	per minute	Continuous / repeated	Pregnancy monitoring signal such as fetal heart rate, maternal heart rate, or uterine contraction activity. Examples: finger pulse waveform, green/red/infrared optical sensing, ring or watch optical pulse intervals.	Readiness/recovery scoring, training load, stress/autonomic trends, sleep context, and basic vital-sign monitoring. Examples: recovery score, training load, vital-sign trend.
flatus hydrogen	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	ppm or %	Continuous / repeated	Gas concentration or event signal from breath, ingestible capsules, or flatus sensing, especially hydrogen, methane, oxygen, or carbon dioxide. Examples: breath hydrogen/methane, GI gas concentration profile, ingestible gas capsule reading.	Food intolerance workups, GI motility assessment, fermentation response, capsule diagnostics, and digestive-behavior feedback. Examples: fermentation response, food intolerance assessment, motility testing.
fluid loss	Metabolic and biochemical	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	mL/h or L	Product-dependent	Sweat volume/rate plus inferred fluid loss and hydration state during training, heat, or work exposure. Examples: electrolyte concentration, sodium loss, sweat rate.	Hydration planning, electrolyte replacement, heat-risk prevention, athlete fueling, and occupational safety decisions. Examples: athlete fueling, fluid replacement, heat-risk prevention.
fNIRS cerebral hemodynamic signal	Neurological and neuromuscular	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing.	Neurological monitoring, movement-disorder assessment, brain/body interface control, sleep staging, cognitive load, or neuromodulation feedback.
focus state	Metabolic and biochemical	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
food intake	Nutrition intake and eating behavior	Derived / proxy	Emerging / research-heavy	score / category	Product-dependent	Eating behavior or nutrition signal, such as bite count, bite speed, meal timing, portion size, calories, or nutrient category. Examples: bite count, meal timing, portion-size estimate.	Meal awareness, slower eating, portion coaching, nutrient-pattern feedback, and metabolic-health behavior change. Examples: nutrition-pattern feedback, portion awareness, slower eating coaching.
foot contact time	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A movement, force, gait, balance, posture, or interaction pattern measured by motion sensors, pressure sensors, footwear, or robotic systems.	Gait assessment, rehab progress, mobility risk context, sports technique feedback, and assistive device control.
foot strike	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	pattern, count, or state	Product-dependent	A movement, force, gait, balance, posture, or interaction pattern measured by motion sensors, pressure sensors, footwear, or robotic systems.	Gait assessment, rehab progress, mobility risk context, sports technique feedback, and assistive device control.
foot temperature	Skin, wound, and dermatology	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	deg C	Continuous / repeated	Local foot-skin temperature, often compared left-versus-right to detect inflammation risk in diabetic-foot monitoring. Examples: diabetic-foot temperature trend, left/right foot temperature difference.	Diabetic-foot inflammation risk monitoring, left/right asymmetry follow-up, and early ulcer-prevention workflows. Examples: diabetic-foot monitoring, temperature asymmetry follow-up, ulcer-prevention workflow.
formaldehyde	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	ppm, ug/m3, dB, %, or dose	Continuous / repeated	An exposure level or environmental event near the wearer, such as air quality, gas, sound, odor, temperature, or workplace dose.	Exposure attribution, occupational safety, indoor-air decisions, environmental behavior change, and compliance documentation.
free cortisol	Metabolic and biochemical	Experimental / research	Emerging / research-heavy	concentration	Spot check / episode	Free or total cortisol signal from sweat, saliva, or interstitial-fluid molecular sensing. Examples: interstitial-fluid analyte trend, saliva hormone concentration, sweat molecular signal.	Stress-state profiling, endocrine rhythm monitoring, intervention response, and high-frequency molecular research. Examples: circadian/endocrine tracking, intervention response, stress-state profiling.
freezing of gait	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	count, speed, force, or pattern	Continuous / repeated	Walking rhythm, step timing, cadence, speed, interruptions, or gait-event sequence from foot, shoe, insole, or body sensors. Examples: accelerometer/gyroscope pattern, plantar-pressure map, step timing sequence.	Mobility assessment, Parkinsonian gait/freezing detection, fall-risk context, rehab progress, and cueing or robotic assistance. Examples: fall-risk context, Parkinsonian gait cueing, rehab progress.
FSH	Reproductive and hormonal	Experimental / research	Emerging / research-heavy	concentration or panel	Product-dependent	A fertility, cycle, pregnancy, pelvic-floor, lactation, menstrual, or menopause-related state or analyte.	Fertility-window estimation, pregnancy surveillance, pelvic-floor training, menstrual tracking, lactation support, and menopause symptom monitoring. Examples: fertile-window estimate, menopause symptom tracking, pregnancy monitoring.
functional decline measures	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
fusion healing support	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
gait	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	count, speed, force, or pattern	Continuous / repeated	Walking rhythm, step timing, cadence, speed, interruptions, or gait-event sequence from foot, shoe, insole, or body sensors. Examples: accelerometer/gyroscope pattern, plantar-pressure map, step timing sequence.	Mobility assessment, Parkinsonian gait/freezing detection, fall-risk context, rehab progress, and cueing or robotic assistance. Examples: fall-risk context, Parkinsonian gait cueing, rehab progress.
gait disruptions	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	count, speed, force, or pattern	Continuous / repeated	Walking rhythm, step timing, cadence, speed, interruptions, or gait-event sequence from foot, shoe, insole, or body sensors. Examples: accelerometer/gyroscope pattern, plantar-pressure map, step timing sequence.	Mobility assessment, Parkinsonian gait/freezing detection, fall-risk context, rehab progress, and cueing or robotic assistance. Examples: fall-risk context, Parkinsonian gait cueing, rehab progress.
gait events	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Derived / proxy	Device-dependent validation	event / state	Continuous / repeated	Walking rhythm, step timing, cadence, speed, interruptions, or gait-event sequence from foot, shoe, insole, or body sensors. Examples: accelerometer/gyroscope pattern, plantar-pressure map, step timing sequence.	Mobility assessment, Parkinsonian gait/freezing detection, fall-risk context, rehab progress, and cueing or robotic assistance. Examples: fall-risk context, Parkinsonian gait cueing, rehab progress.
gamma wave activity	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Well-established consumer	Product-dependent evidence	count, speed, force, or pattern	Continuous / repeated	Body movement, position, posture, or activity intensity from inertial sensors and wearable algorithms. Examples: accelerometer/gyroscope pattern, plantar-pressure map, step timing sequence.	Gait assessment, rehab progress, mobility risk context, sports technique feedback, and assistive device control. Examples: fall-risk context, Parkinsonian gait cueing, rehab progress.
gas events	Metabolic and biochemical	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	event / state	Session / event-based	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing. Examples: breath hydrogen/methane, GI gas concentration profile, ingestible gas capsule reading.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
GI camera images	Sensory, imaging, and interaction signals	Clinical-grade	Clinical / regulated use	image / area	Spot check / episode	Image-derived data from optical, thermal, capsule-camera, or fluorescence capture. Examples: image-derived feature, optical image frame.	Food intolerance workups, GI motility assessment, fermentation response, capsule diagnostics, and digestive-behavior feedback. Examples: fermentation response, food intolerance assessment, motility testing.
GI pH	Metabolic and biochemical	Clinical-grade	Clinical / regulated use	pH	Spot check / episode	Acidity/alkalinity inside the GI tract, often used by motility capsules to identify transit through GI segments. Examples: GI capsule pH trace, motility capsule pH profile.	GI transit landmarking, motility testing, capsule diagnostics, and digestive symptom workups. Examples: capsule diagnostics, GI transit landmarking, motility testing.
GI pressure	Metabolic and biochemical	Clinical-grade	Clinical / regulated use	count, speed, force, or pattern	Spot check / episode	Mechanical load, pressure, or force on a sensor surface, such as foot pressure, pelvic-floor force, GI capsule pressure, or haptic force. Examples: breath hydrogen/methane, GI gas concentration profile, ingestible gas capsule reading.	Food intolerance workups, GI motility assessment, fermentation response, capsule diagnostics, and digestive-behavior feedback. Examples: fermentation response, food intolerance assessment, motility testing.
GI temperature	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	deg C	Continuous / repeated	Temperature inside the gastrointestinal tract, captured by an ingestible capsule as part of a transit or motility profile. Examples: GI transit temperature profile, ingestible capsule temperature trace.	GI transit and motility interpretation alongside capsule pressure, pH, and gas patterns. Examples: capsule diagnostics, GI transit interpretation, motility testing.
GI transit response	Metabolic and biochemical	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing. Examples: breath hydrogen/methane, GI gas concentration profile, ingestible gas capsule reading.	Food intolerance workups, GI motility assessment, fermentation response, capsule diagnostics, and digestive-behavior feedback. Examples: fermentation response, food intolerance assessment, motility testing.
glucose	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Clinical / regulated use	mg/dL or mmol/L	Continuous / repeated	Interstitial glucose concentration, trend direction, variability, and high/low event state from CGM or connected glucose inputs. Examples: high/low event flag, interstitial glucose mg/dL or mmol/L, trend arrow.	Diabetes management, non-insulin glucose trend awareness, food/exercise response, high/low event detection, and metabolic coaching. Examples: diabetes management, food-response feedback, high/low glucose alerting.
glucose management context	Metabolic and biochemical	Derived / proxy	Clinical / regulated use	mg/dL or mmol/L	Continuous / repeated	Interstitial glucose concentration, trend direction, variability, and high/low event state from CGM or connected glucose inputs. Examples: high/low event flag, interstitial glucose mg/dL or mmol/L, trend arrow.	Diabetes management, non-insulin glucose trend awareness, food/exercise response, high/low event detection, and metabolic coaching. Examples: diabetes management, food-response feedback, high/low glucose alerting.
glucose response	Metabolic and biochemical	Derived / proxy	Clinical / regulated use	mg/dL or mmol/L	Continuous / repeated	Interstitial glucose concentration, trend direction, variability, and high/low event state from CGM or connected glucose inputs. Examples: high/low event flag, interstitial glucose mg/dL or mmol/L, trend arrow.	Diabetes management, non-insulin glucose trend awareness, food/exercise response, high/low event detection, and metabolic coaching. Examples: diabetes management, food-response feedback, high/low glucose alerting.
glucose trend	Metabolic and biochemical	Clinical-grade	Clinical / regulated use	mg/dL or mmol/L	Continuous / repeated	Interstitial glucose concentration, trend direction, variability, and high/low event state from CGM or connected glucose inputs. Examples: high/low event flag, interstitial glucose mg/dL or mmol/L, trend arrow.	Diabetes management, non-insulin glucose trend awareness, food/exercise response, high/low event detection, and metabolic coaching. Examples: diabetes management, food-response feedback, high/low glucose alerting.
glucose trends	Metabolic and biochemical	Clinical-grade	Clinical / regulated use	mg/dL or mmol/L	Continuous / repeated	Interstitial glucose concentration, trend direction, variability, and high/low event state from CGM or connected glucose inputs. Examples: high/low event flag, interstitial glucose mg/dL or mmol/L, trend arrow.	Diabetes management, non-insulin glucose trend awareness, food/exercise response, high/low event detection, and metabolic coaching. Examples: diabetes management, food-response feedback, high/low glucose alerting.
glucose variability	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Clinical / regulated use	mg/dL or mmol/L	Continuous / repeated	Interstitial glucose concentration, trend direction, variability, and high/low event state from CGM or connected glucose inputs. Examples: high/low event flag, interstitial glucose mg/dL or mmol/L, trend arrow.	Diabetes management, non-insulin glucose trend awareness, food/exercise response, high/low event detection, and metabolic coaching. Examples: diabetes management, food-response feedback, high/low glucose alerting.
gut carbon dioxide	Metabolic and biochemical	Well-established consumer	Product-dependent evidence	ppm or %	Continuous / repeated	Gas concentration or event signal from breath, ingestible capsules, or flatus sensing, especially hydrogen, methane, oxygen, or carbon dioxide.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
gut hydrogen	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	ppm or %	Continuous / repeated	Gas concentration or event signal from breath, ingestible capsules, or flatus sensing, especially hydrogen, methane, oxygen, or carbon dioxide. Examples: breath hydrogen/methane, GI gas concentration profile, ingestible gas capsule reading.	Food intolerance workups, GI motility assessment, fermentation response, capsule diagnostics, and digestive-behavior feedback. Examples: fermentation response, food intolerance assessment, motility testing.
gut methane	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	ppm or %	Continuous / repeated	Gas concentration or event signal from breath, ingestible capsules, or flatus sensing, especially hydrogen, methane, oxygen, or carbon dioxide. Examples: breath hydrogen/methane, GI gas concentration profile, ingestible gas capsule reading.	Food intolerance workups, GI motility assessment, fermentation response, capsule diagnostics, and digestive-behavior feedback. Examples: fermentation response, food intolerance assessment, motility testing.
gut oxygen	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	ppm or %	Continuous / repeated	Gas concentration or event signal from breath, ingestible capsules, or flatus sensing, especially hydrogen, methane, oxygen, or carbon dioxide.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
gut sounds	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	ppm, ug/m3, dB, %, or dose	Continuous / repeated	Personal environmental exposure near the wearer, such as air pollutants, radon, humidity, sound level, or occupational noise dose. Examples: indoor radon/VOC level, occupational noise dose, personal air-quality reading.	Personal exposure logging, workplace compliance, indoor-air-quality action, and environmental risk attribution. Examples: exposure attribution, indoor-air action, workplace compliance.
Happy Health Apnea Hypopnea Index / hAHI	Respiratory and sleep	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Overnight / daily	A breathing, oxygenation, sleep, or overnight physiology measure inferred from motion, optical, respiratory, or electrophysiology sensors. Examples: breathing-rate time series, movement-derived sleep window, oxygen desaturation pattern.	Sleep apnea screening, respiratory compromise detection, cardiorespiratory trend monitoring, and recovery/sleep interpretation. Examples: recovery coaching, sleep apnea screening, sleep-stage scoring.
haptic feedback	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	level, force, or intensity	Session / event-based	A movement, force, gait, balance, posture, or interaction pattern measured by motion sensors, pressure sensors, footwear, or robotic systems. Examples: assistance or haptic-output level, dose event, stimulation session.	Closed-loop or on-body therapy, symptom relief, assistive control, rehabilitation support, and product output verification. Examples: assistive control, closed-loop therapy, symptom relief.
head blood flow	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
head movement	Neurological and neuromuscular	Well-established consumer	Product-dependent evidence	pattern, count, or state	Product-dependent	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing.	Neurological monitoring, movement-disorder assessment, brain/body interface control, sleep staging, cognitive load, or neuromodulation feedback.
heart rate	Cardiovascular and vascular	Well-established consumer	Device-dependent validation	per minute	Continuous / repeated	Beats per minute, captured directly from ECG or estimated from optical pulse sensors during rest, sleep, and activity. Examples: finger pulse waveform, green/red/infrared optical sensing, ring or watch optical pulse intervals.	Readiness/recovery scoring, training load, stress/autonomic trends, sleep context, and basic vital-sign monitoring. Examples: recovery score, training load, vital-sign trend.
heart rhythm	Cardiovascular and vascular	Clinical-grade	Clinical / regulated use	rhythm class / waveform	Continuous / repeated	A cardiovascular measure or derived cardiac/vascular state, usually interpreted from ECG, optical pulse, pressure, or rhythm algorithms. Examples: multi-day adhesive ECG patch, single-lead smartwatch ECG, six-lead handheld ECG.	Rhythm documentation, AFib/arrhythmia screening, ambulatory cardiac diagnostics, and escalation to clinical review when a trace is suspicious. Examples: AFib screening, ambulatory arrhythmia workup, clinician-review trace.
heart-rate variability	Cardiovascular and vascular	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	ms	Continuous / repeated	Beat-to-beat timing variation, usually derived from ECG R-R intervals or high-quality optical pulse intervals.	Readiness/recovery scoring, training load, stress/autonomic trends, sleep context, and basic vital-sign monitoring. Examples: recovery score, training load, vital-sign trend.
heat strain	Metabolic and biochemical	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	risk score / index	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Hydration planning, electrolyte replacement, heat-risk prevention, athlete fueling, and occupational safety decisions.
high glucose events	Metabolic and biochemical	Derived / proxy	Clinical / regulated use	mg/dL or mmol/L	Continuous / repeated	Interstitial glucose concentration, trend direction, variability, and high/low event state from CGM or connected glucose inputs. Examples: high/low event flag, interstitial glucose mg/dL or mmol/L, trend arrow.	Diabetes management, non-insulin glucose trend awareness, food/exercise response, high/low event detection, and metabolic coaching. Examples: diabetes management, food-response feedback, high/low glucose alerting.
hormone pattern	Reproductive and hormonal	Derived / proxy	Emerging / research-heavy	concentration	Spot check / episode	A fertility, cycle, pregnancy, pelvic-floor, lactation, menstrual, or menopause-related state or analyte. Examples: interstitial-fluid analyte trend, saliva hormone concentration, sweat molecular signal.	Fertility estimation, pregnancy monitoring, cycle tracking, pelvic-floor training, lactation support, or menopause symptom tracking.
hormone signal	Reproductive and hormonal	Experimental / research	Emerging / research-heavy	concentration	Spot check / episode	A fertility, cycle, pregnancy, pelvic-floor, lactation, menstrual, or menopause-related state or analyte. Examples: interstitial-fluid analyte trend, saliva hormone concentration, sweat molecular signal.	Fertility estimation, pregnancy monitoring, cycle tracking, pelvic-floor training, lactation support, or menopause symptom tracking.
hot flashes	Reproductive and hormonal	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score, severity, or event state	Session / event-based	A fertility, cycle, pregnancy, pelvic-floor, lactation, menstrual, or menopause-related state or analyte.	Fertility-window estimation, pregnancy surveillance, pelvic-floor training, menstrual tracking, lactation support, and menopause symptom monitoring. Examples: fertile-window estimate, menopause symptom tracking, pregnancy monitoring.
humidity	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	ppm, ug/m3, dB, %, or dose	Continuous / repeated	Personal environmental exposure near the wearer, such as air pollutants, radon, humidity, sound level, or occupational noise dose. Examples: indoor radon/VOC level, occupational noise dose, personal air-quality reading.	Personal exposure logging, workplace compliance, indoor-air-quality action, and environmental risk attribution. Examples: exposure attribution, indoor-air action, workplace compliance.
hydration recommendation	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Emerging / research-heavy	score / category	Continuous / repeated	Sweat volume/rate plus inferred fluid loss and hydration state during training, heat, or work exposure. Examples: electrolyte concentration, sodium loss, sweat rate.	Hydration planning, electrolyte replacement, heat-risk prevention, athlete fueling, and occupational safety decisions. Examples: athlete fueling, fluid replacement, heat-risk prevention.
hydration status	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Emerging / research-heavy	score / category	Continuous / repeated	Sweat volume/rate plus inferred fluid loss and hydration state during training, heat, or work exposure. Examples: electrolyte concentration, sodium loss, sweat rate.	Hydration planning, electrolyte replacement, heat-risk prevention, athlete fueling, and occupational safety decisions. Examples: athlete fueling, fluid replacement, heat-risk prevention.
impact force	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	count, speed, force, or pattern	Product-dependent	Mechanical load, pressure, or force on a sensor surface, such as foot pressure, pelvic-floor force, GI capsule pressure, or haptic force.	Gait assessment, rehab progress, mobility risk context, sports technique feedback, and assistive device control.
inflammation signal	Skin, wound, and dermatology	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score, severity, or event state	Product-dependent	A skin, wound, foot, thermal, UV, or inflammation-related condition captured by a patch, textile, image, or local sensor. Examples: skin temperature trend, skin/wound pH strip or patch, wound thermal image.	Diabetic-foot monitoring, wound healing/infection triage, dermatology/UV behavior feedback, and chronic-wound follow-up. Examples: diabetic-foot monitoring, sun-exposure behavior, wound infection triage.
insulin delivery	Therapeutic output and device control	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-regulated output	event / state	Session / event-based	A device output or therapy event, such as insulin dose/delivery, electrical stimulation, haptic feedback, or neuromodulation session. Examples: assistance or haptic-output level, dose event, stimulation session.	Closed-loop or on-body therapy, symptom relief, assistive control, rehabilitation support, and product output verification. Examples: assistive control, closed-loop therapy, symptom relief.
interstitial fluid biomarkers	Metabolic and biochemical	Experimental / research	Emerging / research-heavy	concentration or panel	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
interstitial glucose	Metabolic and biochemical	Clinical-grade	Clinical / regulated use	mg/dL or mmol/L	Continuous / repeated	Interstitial glucose concentration, trend direction, variability, and high/low event state from CGM or connected glucose inputs. Examples: high/low event flag, interstitial glucose mg/dL or mmol/L, trend arrow.	Diabetes management, non-insulin glucose trend awareness, food/exercise response, high/low event detection, and metabolic coaching. Examples: diabetes management, food-response feedback, high/low glucose alerting.
intraocular pressure pattern	Sensory, imaging, and interaction signals	Derived / proxy	Clinical / regulated use	count, speed, force, or pattern	Spot check / episode	Mechanical load, pressure, or force on a sensor surface, such as foot pressure, pelvic-floor force, GI capsule pressure, or haptic force.	Interface control, assistant input, sensory augmentation, visual/audio capture, and context-aware wearable features.
joint movement	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Well-established consumer	Product-dependent evidence	count, speed, force, or pattern	Product-dependent	A movement, force, gait, balance, posture, or interaction pattern measured by motion sensors, pressure sensors, footwear, or robotic systems.	Mobility assessment, Parkinsonian gait/freezing detection, fall-risk context, rehab progress, and cueing or robotic assistance. Examples: fall-risk context, Parkinsonian gait cueing, rehab progress.
LH	Reproductive and hormonal	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A fertility, cycle, pregnancy, pelvic-floor, lactation, menstrual, or menopause-related state or analyte.	Fertility estimation, pregnancy monitoring, cycle tracking, pelvic-floor training, lactation support, or menopause symptom tracking.
light	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	ppm, ug/m3, dB, %, or dose	Continuous / repeated	An exposure level or environmental event near the wearer, such as air quality, gas, sound, odor, temperature, or workplace dose.	Exposure attribution, occupational safety, indoor-air decisions, environmental behavior change, and compliance documentation.
light exposure	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	lux or light state	Continuous / repeated	Sleep-environment context captured by bed, bedside, or room sensors, such as mattress temperature, bedroom temperature, or light level.	Understanding environmental contributors to sleep quality and driving room, bedding, or temperature-control recommendations.
low glucose events	Metabolic and biochemical	Derived / proxy	Clinical / regulated use	mg/dL or mmol/L	Continuous / repeated	Interstitial glucose concentration, trend direction, variability, and high/low event state from CGM or connected glucose inputs. Examples: high/low event flag, interstitial glucose mg/dL or mmol/L, trend arrow.	Diabetes management, non-insulin glucose trend awareness, food/exercise response, high/low event detection, and metabolic coaching. Examples: diabetes management, food-response feedback, high/low glucose alerting.
lung function	Cardiovascular and vascular	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A cardiovascular measure or derived cardiac/vascular state, usually interpreted from ECG, optical pulse, pressure, or rhythm algorithms.	Cardiac risk context, rhythm review, vascular trend tracking, recovery interpretation, and escalation to clinical review where appropriate.
macronutrients	Nutrition intake and eating behavior	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	Eating behavior or nutrition signal, such as bite count, bite speed, meal timing, portion size, calories, or nutrient category. Examples: bite count, meal timing, portion-size estimate.	Meal awareness, slower eating, portion coaching, nutrient-pattern feedback, and metabolic-health behavior change. Examples: nutrition-pattern feedback, portion awareness, slower eating coaching.
maternal heart rate	Cardiovascular and vascular	Well-established consumer	Clinical / regulated use	per minute	Continuous / repeated	Pregnancy monitoring signal such as fetal heart rate, maternal heart rate, or uterine contraction activity. Examples: finger pulse waveform, green/red/infrared optical sensing, ring or watch optical pulse intervals.	Readiness/recovery scoring, training load, stress/autonomic trends, sleep context, and basic vital-sign monitoring. Examples: recovery score, training load, vital-sign trend.
meal response	Nutrition intake and eating behavior	Derived / proxy	Emerging / research-heavy	score / category	Session / event-based	Eating behavior or nutrition signal, such as bite count, bite speed, meal timing, portion size, calories, or nutrient category. Examples: bite count, meal timing, portion-size estimate.	Meal awareness, slower eating, portion coaching, nutrient-pattern feedback, and metabolic-health behavior change. Examples: nutrition-pattern feedback, portion awareness, slower eating coaching.
meal timing	Nutrition intake and eating behavior	Derived / proxy	Emerging / research-heavy	score / category	Session / event-based	Eating behavior or nutrition signal, such as bite count, bite speed, meal timing, portion size, calories, or nutrient category. Examples: bite count, meal timing, portion-size estimate.	Meal awareness, slower eating, portion coaching, nutrient-pattern feedback, and metabolic-health behavior change. Examples: nutrition-pattern feedback, portion awareness, slower eating coaching.
mealtime insulin dose	Therapeutic output and device control	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-regulated output	U or dose event	Session / event-based	A device output or therapy event, such as insulin dose/delivery, electrical stimulation, haptic feedback, or neuromodulation session. Examples: bite count, meal timing, portion-size estimate.	Meal awareness, slower eating, portion coaching, nutrient-pattern feedback, and metabolic-health behavior change. Examples: nutrition-pattern feedback, portion awareness, slower eating coaching.
mean arterial pressure trend	Cardiovascular and vascular	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	count, speed, force, or pattern	Product-dependent	Mechanical load, pressure, or force on a sensor surface, such as foot pressure, pelvic-floor force, GI capsule pressure, or haptic force.	Cardiac risk context, rhythm review, vascular trend tracking, recovery interpretation, and escalation to clinical review where appropriate.
medication response patterns	Neurological and neuromuscular	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score, severity, or event state	Product-dependent	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing.	Neurological monitoring, movement-disorder assessment, brain/body interface control, sleep staging, cognitive load, or neuromodulation feedback.
menstrual blood biomarkers	Reproductive and hormonal	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Spot check / episode	Reproductive or lactation flow/volume signal, such as menstrual fill level, menstrual biomarkers, milk volume, or pump session timing.	Fertility-window estimation, pregnancy surveillance, pelvic-floor training, menstrual tracking, lactation support, and menopause symptom monitoring. Examples: fertile-window estimate, menopause symptom tracking, pregnancy monitoring.
menstrual cycle context	Reproductive and hormonal	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Spot check / episode	Reproductive or lactation flow/volume signal, such as menstrual fill level, menstrual biomarkers, milk volume, or pump session timing.	Fertility-window estimation, pregnancy surveillance, pelvic-floor training, menstrual tracking, lactation support, and menopause symptom monitoring. Examples: fertile-window estimate, menopause symptom tracking, pregnancy monitoring.
menstrual flow volume	Reproductive and hormonal	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	mL or fill level	Spot check / episode	Reproductive or lactation flow/volume signal, such as menstrual fill level, menstrual biomarkers, milk volume, or pump session timing.	Fertility-window estimation, pregnancy surveillance, pelvic-floor training, menstrual tracking, lactation support, and menopause symptom monitoring. Examples: fertile-window estimate, menopause symptom tracking, pregnancy monitoring.
menstrual fluid hormone signal	Metabolic and biochemical	Experimental / research	Emerging / research-heavy	concentration	Spot check / episode	Reproductive or lactation flow/volume signal, such as menstrual fill level, menstrual biomarkers, milk volume, or pump session timing. Examples: interstitial-fluid analyte trend, saliva hormone concentration, sweat molecular signal.	Fertility-window estimation, pregnancy surveillance, pelvic-floor training, menstrual tracking, lactation support, and menopause symptom monitoring. Examples: fertile-window estimate, menopause symptom tracking, pregnancy monitoring.
metabolic fuel-use estimate	Metabolic and biochemical	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
micronutrients	Nutrition intake and eating behavior	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	An eating behavior, intake, meal-timing, or nutrition-pattern signal inferred from utensil, motion, app, or sensor interaction data.	Meal awareness, slower eating, portion coaching, nutrient-pattern feedback, and metabolic-health behavior change. Examples: nutrition-pattern feedback, portion awareness, slower eating coaching.
migraine symptom response	Therapeutic output and device control	Derived / proxy	Product-regulated output	event / state	Session / event-based	A therapy output, dose, stimulation, haptic, control, or assistance state generated or logged by the wearable system.	Closed-loop or on-body therapy, symptom relief, assistive control, rehabilitation support, and product output verification. Examples: assistive control, closed-loop therapy, symptom relief.
milk volume	Reproductive and hormonal	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	mL or fill level	Product-dependent	Reproductive or lactation flow/volume signal, such as menstrual fill level, menstrual biomarkers, milk volume, or pump session timing.	Fertility-window estimation, pregnancy surveillance, pelvic-floor training, menstrual tracking, lactation support, and menopause symptom monitoring. Examples: fertile-window estimate, menopause symptom tracking, pregnancy monitoring.
mobility	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
mold index	Environmental exposure	Derived / proxy	Instrument-grade / exposure	ppm, ug/m3, dB, %, or dose	Continuous / repeated	An exposure level or environmental event near the wearer, such as air quality, gas, sound, odor, temperature, or workplace dose.	Exposure attribution, occupational safety, indoor-air decisions, environmental behavior change, and compliance documentation.
mood	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
motion	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Well-established consumer	Product-dependent evidence	count, speed, force, or pattern	Continuous / repeated	Body movement, position, posture, or activity intensity from inertial sensors and wearable algorithms. Examples: accelerometer/gyroscope pattern, plantar-pressure map, step timing sequence.	Gait assessment, rehab progress, mobility risk context, sports technique feedback, and assistive device control.
movement	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Well-established consumer	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A movement, force, gait, balance, posture, or interaction pattern measured by motion sensors, pressure sensors, footwear, or robotic systems.	Gait assessment, rehab progress, mobility risk context, sports technique feedback, and assistive device control.
movement context	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A movement, force, gait, balance, posture, or interaction pattern measured by motion sensors, pressure sensors, footwear, or robotic systems.	Gait assessment, rehab progress, mobility risk context, sports technique feedback, and assistive device control.
MRI brain-volume endpoints	Neurological and neuromuscular	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing. Examples: in-ear EEG electrodes, muscle activation waveform, scalp EEG channels.	Sleep staging, seizure/movement-disorder monitoring, brain-computer interfaces, cognitive workload tracking, neuromodulation targeting, or relaxation feedback. Examples: brain-computer interface control, seizure detection, sleep staging.
neurofeedback state	Neurological and neuromuscular	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score, severity, or event state	Product-dependent	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing.	Sleep staging, seizure/movement-disorder monitoring, brain-computer interfaces, cognitive workload tracking, neuromodulation targeting, or relaxation feedback. Examples: brain-computer interface control, seizure detection, sleep staging.
neurological event pattern	Neurological and neuromuscular	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	event / state	Session / event-based	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing. Examples: breath hydrogen/methane, GI gas concentration profile, ingestible gas capsule reading.	Sleep staging, seizure/movement-disorder monitoring, brain-computer interfaces, cognitive workload tracking, neuromodulation targeting, or relaxation feedback. Examples: brain-computer interface control, seizure detection, sleep staging.
neurophysiology	Neurological and neuromuscular	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing.	Sleep staging, seizure/movement-disorder monitoring, brain-computer interfaces, cognitive workload tracking, neuromodulation targeting, or relaxation feedback. Examples: brain-computer interface control, seizure detection, sleep staging.
night sweats	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Emerging / research-heavy	score, severity, or event state	Continuous / repeated	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing. Examples: electrolyte concentration, sodium loss, sweat rate.	Hydration planning, electrolyte replacement, heat-risk prevention, athlete fueling, and occupational safety decisions. Examples: athlete fueling, fluid replacement, heat-risk prevention.
nitrogen dioxide	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	ppm, ug/m3, dB, %, or dose	Continuous / repeated	An exposure level or environmental event near the wearer, such as air quality, gas, sound, odor, temperature, or workplace dose.	Exposure attribution, occupational safety, indoor-air decisions, environmental behavior change, and compliance documentation.
noise dose	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	event / state	Continuous / repeated	Personal environmental exposure near the wearer, such as air pollutants, radon, humidity, sound level, or occupational noise dose. Examples: indoor radon/VOC level, occupational noise dose, personal air-quality reading.	Personal exposure logging, workplace compliance, indoor-air-quality action, and environmental risk attribution. Examples: exposure attribution, indoor-air action, workplace compliance.
non-invasive blood pressure	Cardiovascular and vascular	Emerging / context-dependent	Clinical / regulated use	mmHg	Continuous / repeated	Systolic/diastolic arterial pressure, either cuff-based or estimated continuously/cufflessly from optical and timing signals. Examples: cuffless optical pulse-wave estimate, inflatable wrist cuff pressure, nighttime BP trend.	Hypertension tracking, medication/lifestyle response, nighttime BP patterns, and cardiovascular risk management without repeated cuff readings. Examples: hypertension follow-up, medication response, nocturnal BP monitoring.
norepinephrine	Metabolic and biochemical	Experimental / research	Emerging / research-heavy	concentration	Product-dependent	Catecholamine stress-hormone signal captured by experimental sweat or molecular biosensors. Examples: interstitial-fluid analyte trend, saliva hormone concentration, sweat molecular signal.	Stress-state profiling, endocrine rhythm monitoring, intervention response, and high-frequency molecular research. Examples: circadian/endocrine tracking, intervention response, stress-state profiling.
NOx	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	ppm, ug/m3, dB, %, or dose	Continuous / repeated	Personal environmental exposure near the wearer, such as air pollutants, radon, humidity, sound level, or occupational noise dose. Examples: indoor radon/VOC level, occupational noise dose, personal air-quality reading.	Personal exposure logging, workplace compliance, indoor-air-quality action, and environmental risk attribution. Examples: exposure attribution, indoor-air action, workplace compliance.
nutrition-response pattern	Metabolic and biochemical	Derived / proxy	Emerging / research-heavy	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
ocular dimensional change	Sensory, imaging, and interaction signals	Experimental / research	Product-dependent evidence	dimensional change	Product-dependent	A camera, audio, display, ocular, hearing, or interaction signal used by a sensory or interface wearable.	Interface control, assistant input, sensory augmentation, visual/audio capture, and context-aware wearable features.
ovulation temperature shift	Reproductive and hormonal	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	deg C	Continuous / repeated	The cycle-related temperature shift used to estimate ovulation timing or fertile-window context. Examples: overnight core/vaginal temperature trend, ovulation-related temperature shift.	Ovulation estimation, fertile-window timing, cycle-context interpretation, and reproductive-health trend tracking. Examples: cycle-context tracking, fertile-window estimate, ovulation timing.
oxygen saturation / SpO2	Cardiovascular and vascular	Clinical-grade	Clinical / regulated use	%	Continuous / repeated	Peripheral oxygen saturation estimated from red/infrared optical absorption at the finger, wrist, or ring. Examples: finger pulse waveform, green/red/infrared optical sensing, ring or watch optical pulse intervals.	Sleep apnea screening, respiratory compromise detection, cardiorespiratory trend monitoring, and recovery/sleep interpretation. Examples: recovery coaching, sleep apnea screening, sleep-stage scoring.
ozone	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	ppm, ug/m3, dB, %, or dose	Continuous / repeated	An exposure level or environmental event near the wearer, such as air quality, gas, sound, odor, temperature, or workplace dose.	Exposure attribution, occupational safety, indoor-air decisions, environmental behavior change, and compliance documentation.
pain symptom response	Therapeutic output and device control	Derived / proxy	Product-regulated output	event / state	Session / event-based	A therapy output, dose, stimulation, haptic, control, or assistance state generated or logged by the wearable system.	Closed-loop or on-body therapy, symptom relief, assistive control, rehabilitation support, and product output verification. Examples: assistive control, closed-loop therapy, symptom relief.
particulate matter	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	ppm, ug/m3, dB, %, or dose	Continuous / repeated	Personal environmental exposure near the wearer, such as air pollutants, radon, humidity, sound level, or occupational noise dose. Examples: indoor radon/VOC level, occupational noise dose, personal air-quality reading.	Personal exposure logging, workplace compliance, indoor-air-quality action, and environmental risk attribution. Examples: exposure attribution, indoor-air action, workplace compliance.
patient deterioration alert	Therapeutic output and device control	Derived / proxy	Product-regulated output	event / state	Session / event-based	Composite clinical alert state derived from contactless vital-sign trends, movement, and bed-status changes.	Hospital and remote-monitoring escalation, earlier detection of deterioration, and prioritizing clinical review from contactless trend data.
PdG	Reproductive and hormonal	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A fertility, cycle, pregnancy, pelvic-floor, lactation, menstrual, or menopause-related state or analyte.	Fertility estimation, pregnancy monitoring, cycle tracking, pelvic-floor training, lactation support, or menopause symptom tracking.
pelvic-floor force	Reproductive and hormonal	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	count, speed, force, or pattern	Product-dependent	Mechanical load, pressure, or force on a sensor surface, such as foot pressure, pelvic-floor force, GI capsule pressure, or haptic force.	Fertility-window estimation, pregnancy surveillance, pelvic-floor training, menstrual tracking, lactation support, and menopause symptom monitoring. Examples: fertile-window estimate, menopause symptom tracking, pregnancy monitoring.
perfusion	Reproductive and hormonal	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	perfusion index	Continuous / repeated	A fertility, cycle, pregnancy, pelvic-floor, lactation, menstrual, or menopause-related state or analyte.	Fertility estimation, pregnancy monitoring, cycle tracking, pelvic-floor training, lactation support, or menopause symptom tracking.
peripheral arterial tone	Cardiovascular and vascular	Clinical-grade	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	Finger arterial tone changes captured by a probe to infer vascular response during sleep and respiratory events. Examples: finger pulse waveform, green/red/infrared optical sensing, ring or watch optical pulse intervals.	Cardiac risk context, rhythm review, vascular trend tracking, recovery interpretation, and escalation to clinical review where appropriate.
pharmaceutical compounds	Metabolic and biochemical	Experimental / research	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
plantar pressure	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	count, speed, force, or pattern	Product-dependent	Pressure distribution under the foot from instrumented socks, insoles, or smart footwear. Examples: accelerometer/gyroscope pattern, plantar-pressure map, step timing sequence.	Gait assessment, rehab progress, mobility risk context, sports technique feedback, and assistive device control.
PM1	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	ppm, ug/m3, dB, %, or dose	Continuous / repeated	An exposure level or environmental event near the wearer, such as air quality, gas, sound, odor, temperature, or workplace dose.	Exposure attribution, occupational safety, indoor-air decisions, environmental behavior change, and compliance documentation.
PM2.5	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	ppm, ug/m3, dB, %, or dose	Continuous / repeated	An exposure level or environmental event near the wearer, such as air quality, gas, sound, odor, temperature, or workplace dose.	Exposure attribution, occupational safety, indoor-air decisions, environmental behavior change, and compliance documentation.
PM10	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	ppm, ug/m3, dB, %, or dose	Continuous / repeated	An exposure level or environmental event near the wearer, such as air quality, gas, sound, odor, temperature, or workplace dose.	Exposure attribution, occupational safety, indoor-air decisions, environmental behavior change, and compliance documentation.
portion size	Nutrition intake and eating behavior	Derived / proxy	Emerging / research-heavy	score / category	Session / event-based	Eating behavior or nutrition signal, such as bite count, bite speed, meal timing, portion size, calories, or nutrient category. Examples: bite count, meal timing, portion-size estimate.	Meal awareness, slower eating, portion coaching, nutrient-pattern feedback, and metabolic-health behavior change. Examples: nutrition-pattern feedback, portion awareness, slower eating coaching.
posture	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Well-established consumer	Product-dependent evidence	count, speed, force, or pattern	Product-dependent	Body movement, position, posture, or activity intensity from inertial sensors and wearable algorithms. Examples: accelerometer/gyroscope pattern, plantar-pressure map, step timing sequence.	Gait assessment, rehab progress, mobility risk context, sports technique feedback, and assistive device control. Examples: fall-risk context, Parkinsonian gait cueing, rehab progress.
PPG waveform	Cardiovascular and vascular	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	waveform / derived metric	Product-dependent	A reflected-light pulse waveform from LEDs and photodiodes, used to derive pulse timing and vascular changes at the skin. Examples: finger pulse waveform, green/red/infrared optical sensing, ring or watch optical pulse intervals.	Cardiac risk context, rhythm review, vascular trend tracking, recovery interpretation, and escalation to clinical review where appropriate.
pressure signal	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	count, speed, force, or pattern	Product-dependent	Mechanical load, pressure, or force on a sensor surface, such as foot pressure, pelvic-floor force, GI capsule pressure, or haptic force.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
progesterone	Reproductive and hormonal	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A fertility, cycle, pregnancy, pelvic-floor, lactation, menstrual, or menopause-related state or analyte.	Fertility estimation, pregnancy monitoring, cycle tracking, pelvic-floor training, lactation support, or menopause symptom tracking.
proteins	Metabolic and biochemical	Experimental / research	Emerging / research-heavy	concentration or panel	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
pulse pressure	Cardiovascular and vascular	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	mmHg	Product-dependent	Mechanical load, pressure, or force on a sensor surface, such as foot pressure, pelvic-floor force, GI capsule pressure, or haptic force. Examples: finger pulse waveform, green/red/infrared optical sensing, ring or watch optical pulse intervals.	Hypertension tracking, medication/lifestyle response, nighttime BP patterns, and cardiovascular risk management without repeated cuff readings. Examples: recovery score, training load, vital-sign trend.
pulse rate	Cardiovascular and vascular	Well-established consumer	Device-dependent validation	per minute	Product-dependent	Beats per minute, captured directly from ECG or estimated from optical pulse sensors during rest, sleep, and activity. Examples: finger pulse waveform, green/red/infrared optical sensing, ring or watch optical pulse intervals.	Readiness/recovery scoring, training load, stress/autonomic trends, sleep context, and basic vital-sign monitoring. Examples: recovery score, training load, vital-sign trend.
pump session timing	Reproductive and hormonal	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	time	Session / event-based	Reproductive or lactation flow/volume signal, such as menstrual fill level, menstrual biomarkers, milk volume, or pump session timing.	Fertility estimation, pregnancy monitoring, cycle tracking, pelvic-floor training, lactation support, or menopause symptom tracking.
R-R intervals	Cardiovascular and vascular	Well-established consumer	Product-dependent evidence	ms	Continuous / repeated	The elapsed time between successive heartbeats, used as the raw timing signal for HRV and recovery analysis.	Readiness/recovery scoring, training load, stress/autonomic trends, sleep context, and basic vital-sign monitoring.
radon	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	ppm, ug/m3, dB, %, or dose	Continuous / repeated	Personal environmental exposure near the wearer, such as air pollutants, radon, humidity, sound level, or occupational noise dose. Examples: indoor radon/VOC level, occupational noise dose, personal air-quality reading.	Personal exposure logging, workplace compliance, indoor-air-quality action, and environmental risk attribution. Examples: exposure attribution, indoor-air action, workplace compliance.
readiness	Metabolic and biochemical	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
recovery	Metabolic and biochemical	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
recovery score	Metabolic and biochemical	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
relaxation response	Neurological and neuromuscular	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score, severity, or event state	Product-dependent	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing.	Neurological monitoring, movement-disorder assessment, brain/body interface control, sleep staging, cognitive load, or neuromodulation feedback.
relaxation state	Neurological and neuromuscular	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing.	Neurological monitoring, movement-disorder assessment, brain/body interface control, sleep staging, cognitive load, or neuromodulation feedback.
remote electrical neuromodulation	Therapeutic output and device control	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-regulated output	score / category	Session / event-based	A device output or therapy event, such as insulin dose/delivery, electrical stimulation, haptic feedback, or neuromodulation session. Examples: assistance or haptic-output level, dose event, stimulation session.	Sleep staging, seizure/movement-disorder monitoring, brain-computer interfaces, cognitive workload tracking, neuromodulation targeting, or relaxation feedback. Examples: brain-computer interface control, seizure detection, sleep staging.
respiration rate	Respiratory and sleep	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A breathing, oxygenation, sleep, or overnight physiology measure inferred from motion, optical, respiratory, or electrophysiology sensors.	Sleep quality, sleep-disordered breathing screening, respiratory trend monitoring, and recovery or fatigue interpretation.
respiratory effort	Respiratory and sleep	Derived / proxy	Device-dependent validation	effort waveform / index	Continuous / repeated	Breaths per minute or breathing-pattern signal from chest motion, impedance, ECG-derived respiration, or wearable algorithms. Examples: breathing-rate time series, movement-derived sleep window, oxygen desaturation pattern.	Sleep apnea screening, respiratory compromise detection, cardiorespiratory trend monitoring, and recovery/sleep interpretation. Examples: recovery coaching, sleep apnea screening, sleep-stage scoring.
respiratory rate	Respiratory and sleep	Well-established consumer	Device-dependent validation	per minute	Continuous / repeated	Breaths per minute or breathing-pattern signal from chest motion, impedance, ECG-derived respiration, or wearable algorithms. Examples: breathing-rate time series, movement-derived sleep window, oxygen desaturation pattern.	Sleep apnea screening, respiratory compromise detection, cardiorespiratory trend monitoring, and recovery/sleep interpretation. Examples: recovery coaching, sleep apnea screening, sleep-stage scoring.
resting heart rate	Cardiovascular and vascular	Well-established consumer	Device-dependent validation	per minute	Continuous / repeated	A cardiovascular measure or derived cardiac/vascular state, usually interpreted from ECG, optical pulse, pressure, or rhythm algorithms. Examples: finger pulse waveform, green/red/infrared optical sensing, ring or watch optical pulse intervals.	Readiness/recovery scoring, training load, stress/autonomic trends, sleep context, and basic vital-sign monitoring. Examples: recovery score, training load, vital-sign trend.
resting pulse	Cardiovascular and vascular	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	per minute	Product-dependent	Beats per minute, captured directly from ECG or estimated from optical pulse sensors during rest, sleep, and activity. Examples: finger pulse waveform, green/red/infrared optical sensing, ring or watch optical pulse intervals.	Baseline cardiovascular trend tracking, recovery context, illness/stress indication, and fertility or cycle-context algorithms. Examples: recovery score, training load, vital-sign trend.
restlessness	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
robotic assistance level	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-regulated output	level, force, or intensity	Session / event-based	A movement, force, gait, balance, posture, or interaction pattern measured by motion sensors, pressure sensors, footwear, or robotic systems. Examples: assistance or haptic-output level, dose event, stimulation session.	Closed-loop or on-body therapy, symptom relief, assistive control, rehabilitation support, and product output verification. Examples: assistive control, closed-loop therapy, symptom relief.
room temperature	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	deg C	Continuous / repeated	Temperature at the relevant sensing site for the product, such as skin, foot, wound, ambient air, core/vaginal, or GI tract. Examples: skin temperature trend, skin/wound pH strip or patch, wound thermal image.	Exposure attribution, occupational safety, indoor-air decisions, environmental behavior change, and compliance documentation.
salivary cortisol	Metabolic and biochemical	Experimental / research	Emerging / research-heavy	concentration	Spot check / episode	Free or total cortisol signal from sweat, saliva, or interstitial-fluid molecular sensing. Examples: interstitial-fluid analyte trend, saliva hormone concentration, sweat molecular signal.	Stress-state profiling, endocrine rhythm monitoring, intervention response, and high-frequency molecular research. Examples: circadian/endocrine tracking, intervention response, stress-state profiling.
salivary lactate	Metabolic and biochemical	Experimental / research	Emerging / research-heavy	concentration	Spot check / episode	Lactate concentration in sweat or saliva, used as a proxy for exertion, anaerobic metabolism, or local metabolic state.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
salivary uric acid	Metabolic and biochemical	Experimental / research	Emerging / research-heavy	concentration or panel	Spot check / episode	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
skin temperature	Skin, wound, and dermatology	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	deg C	Continuous / repeated	Peripheral skin temperature trend from a watch, ring, patch, sock, or other body-worn sensor. Examples: distal skin temperature trend, overnight skin-temperature deviation.	Recovery/sleep interpretation, illness or strain context, circadian trend tracking, and local skin/foot monitoring depending on placement. Examples: circadian trend, illness or strain signal, recovery context.
sleep apnea events	Respiratory and sleep	Derived / proxy	Clinical / regulated use	event / state	Overnight / daily	Sleep-breathing event pattern, typically combining oximetry, pulse, actigraphy, and peripheral arterial tone. Examples: breathing-rate time series, movement-derived sleep window, oxygen desaturation pattern.	Sleep apnea screening, respiratory compromise detection, cardiorespiratory trend monitoring, and recovery/sleep interpretation. Examples: recovery coaching, sleep apnea screening, sleep-stage scoring.
sleep apnea indicators	Respiratory and sleep	Derived / proxy	Clinical / regulated use	event / state	Overnight / daily	Sleep-breathing event pattern, typically combining oximetry, pulse, actigraphy, and peripheral arterial tone. Examples: breathing-rate time series, movement-derived sleep window, oxygen desaturation pattern.	Sleep apnea screening, respiratory compromise detection, cardiorespiratory trend monitoring, and recovery/sleep interpretation. Examples: recovery coaching, sleep apnea screening, sleep-stage scoring.
sleep architecture	Respiratory and sleep	Derived / proxy	Device-dependent validation	event / state	Overnight / daily	Sleep duration, staging, architecture, or quality inferred from motion, optical physiology, EEG, or respiratory signals. Examples: breathing-rate time series, movement-derived sleep window, oxygen desaturation pattern.	Sleep coaching, recovery scoring, clinical sleep staging, sleep-disordered breathing workups, and longitudinal fatigue tracking. Examples: recovery coaching, sleep apnea screening, sleep-stage scoring.
sleep disturbances	Respiratory and sleep	Derived / proxy	Device-dependent validation	event / state	Overnight / daily	Sleep duration, staging, architecture, or quality inferred from motion, optical physiology, EEG, or respiratory signals. Examples: breathing-rate time series, movement-derived sleep window, oxygen desaturation pattern.	Sleep coaching, recovery scoring, clinical sleep staging, sleep-disordered breathing workups, and longitudinal fatigue tracking. Examples: recovery coaching, sleep apnea screening, sleep-stage scoring.
sleep duration	Respiratory and sleep	Well-established consumer	Device-dependent validation	time	Overnight / daily	Sleep duration, staging, architecture, or quality inferred from motion, optical physiology, EEG, or respiratory signals. Examples: breathing-rate time series, movement-derived sleep window, oxygen desaturation pattern.	Sleep coaching, recovery scoring, clinical sleep staging, sleep-disordered breathing workups, and longitudinal fatigue tracking. Examples: recovery coaching, sleep apnea screening, sleep-stage scoring.
sleep efficiency	Respiratory and sleep	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	score / category	Overnight / daily	Sleep duration, staging, architecture, or quality inferred from motion, optical physiology, EEG, or respiratory signals. Examples: breathing-rate time series, movement-derived sleep window, oxygen desaturation pattern.	Sleep coaching, recovery scoring, clinical sleep staging, sleep-disordered breathing workups, and longitudinal fatigue tracking. Examples: recovery coaching, sleep apnea screening, sleep-stage scoring.
sleep quality	Respiratory and sleep	Derived / proxy	Device-dependent validation	sleep score / category	Overnight / daily	Composite sleep score derived from sleep duration, staging, disruptions, breathing, movement, and product-specific sleep models. Examples: breathing-rate time series, movement-derived sleep window, oxygen desaturation pattern.	Sleep coaching, recovery scoring, clinical sleep staging, sleep-disordered breathing workups, and longitudinal fatigue tracking. Examples: recovery coaching, sleep apnea screening, sleep-stage scoring.
sleep quality score	Respiratory and sleep	Derived / proxy	Device-dependent validation	sleep score / category	Overnight / daily	Composite sleep score derived from sleep duration, staging, disruptions, breathing, movement, and product-specific sleep models. Examples: breathing-rate time series, movement-derived sleep window, oxygen desaturation pattern.	Sleep coaching, recovery scoring, clinical sleep staging, sleep-disordered breathing workups, and longitudinal fatigue tracking. Examples: recovery coaching, sleep apnea screening, sleep-stage scoring.
sleep stages	Respiratory and sleep	Derived / proxy	Device-dependent validation	event / state	Overnight / daily	Sleep duration, staging, architecture, or quality inferred from motion, optical physiology, EEG, or respiratory signals. Examples: breathing-rate time series, movement-derived sleep window, oxygen desaturation pattern.	Sleep coaching, recovery scoring, clinical sleep staging, sleep-disordered breathing workups, and longitudinal fatigue tracking. Examples: recovery coaching, sleep apnea screening, sleep-stage scoring.
slow-wave sleep	Respiratory and sleep	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	score / category	Overnight / daily	Sleep duration, staging, architecture, or quality inferred from motion, optical physiology, EEG, or respiratory signals. Examples: breathing-rate time series, movement-derived sleep window, oxygen desaturation pattern.	Sleep coaching, recovery scoring, clinical sleep staging, sleep-disordered breathing workups, and longitudinal fatigue tracking. Examples: recovery coaching, sleep apnea screening, sleep-stage scoring.
snoring	Respiratory and sleep	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	event / state	Product-dependent	Detected snoring episodes or snoring duration, usually from microphone, radar, bed sensor, or sleep-monitor algorithms.	Identifying sleep disruptions, airway-related patterns, sleep hygiene issues, and whether bedroom or respiratory factors are fragmenting sleep.
snoring duration	Respiratory and sleep	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	event / state	Product-dependent	Detected snoring episodes or snoring duration, usually from microphone, radar, bed sensor, or sleep-monitor algorithms.	Identifying sleep disruptions, airway-related patterns, sleep hygiene issues, and whether bedroom or respiratory factors are fragmenting sleep.
snoring intensity	Respiratory and sleep	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	event / state	Product-dependent	Detected snoring episodes or snoring duration, usually from microphone, radar, bed sensor, or sleep-monitor algorithms.	Identifying sleep disruptions, airway-related patterns, sleep hygiene issues, and whether bedroom or respiratory factors are fragmenting sleep.
snoring response	Therapeutic output and device control	Derived / proxy	Product-regulated output	event / state	Session / event-based	Detected snoring episodes or snoring duration, usually from microphone, radar, bed sensor, or sleep-monitor algorithms.	Identifying sleep disruptions, airway-related patterns, sleep hygiene issues, and whether bedroom or respiratory factors are fragmenting sleep.
social interaction patterns	Metabolic and biochemical	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Session / event-based	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
sodium	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Emerging / research-heavy	concentration	Product-dependent	Electrolyte concentration or sodium loss, commonly from sweat patches and, in fertility products, cervical-fluid conductivity. Examples: electrolyte concentration, sodium loss, sweat rate.	Hydration planning, electrolyte replacement, heat-risk prevention, athlete fueling, and occupational safety decisions. Examples: athlete fueling, fluid replacement, heat-risk prevention.
sodium loss	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Emerging / research-heavy	concentration	Product-dependent	Electrolyte concentration or sodium loss, commonly from sweat patches and, in fertility products, cervical-fluid conductivity. Examples: electrolyte concentration, sodium loss, sweat rate.	Hydration planning, electrolyte replacement, heat-risk prevention, athlete fueling, and occupational safety decisions. Examples: athlete fueling, fluid replacement, heat-risk prevention.
sound level	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	ppm, ug/m3, dB, %, or dose	Continuous / repeated	Personal environmental exposure near the wearer, such as air pollutants, radon, humidity, sound level, or occupational noise dose. Examples: indoor radon/VOC level, occupational noise dose, personal air-quality reading.	Personal exposure logging, workplace compliance, indoor-air-quality action, and environmental risk attribution. Examples: exposure attribution, indoor-air action, workplace compliance.
step count	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Well-established consumer	Product-dependent evidence	count, speed, force, or pattern	Product-dependent	Walking rhythm, step timing, cadence, speed, interruptions, or gait-event sequence from foot, shoe, insole, or body sensors. Examples: accelerometer/gyroscope pattern, plantar-pressure map, step timing sequence.	Mobility assessment, Parkinsonian gait/freezing detection, fall-risk context, rehab progress, and cueing or robotic assistance. Examples: fall-risk context, Parkinsonian gait cueing, rehab progress.
stress	Neurological and neuromuscular	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing.	Stress-state profiling, endocrine rhythm monitoring, intervention response, and high-frequency molecular research. Examples: circadian/endocrine tracking, intervention response, stress-state profiling.
stress score	Neurological and neuromuscular	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing.	Stress-state profiling, endocrine rhythm monitoring, intervention response, and high-frequency molecular research. Examples: circadian/endocrine tracking, intervention response, stress-state profiling.
sun-exposure duration	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
sunscreen reapplication timing	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
support adjustment	Therapeutic output and device control	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-regulated output	device state / intensity	Session / event-based	A bed, mattress, or nearable device output such as thermal adjustment, support change, vibration wake alarm, or anti-snoring response.	Closed-loop sleep optimization, silent wake-up, comfort adjustment, anti-snoring response, and verification that the nearable acted as intended.
sweat rate	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Emerging / research-heavy	mL/h or L	Continuous / repeated	Sweat volume/rate plus inferred fluid loss and hydration state during training, heat, or work exposure. Examples: electrolyte concentration, sodium loss, sweat rate.	Hydration planning, electrolyte replacement, heat-risk prevention, athlete fueling, and occupational safety decisions. Examples: athlete fueling, fluid replacement, heat-risk prevention.
sweat volume	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Emerging / research-heavy	score / category	Continuous / repeated	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing. Examples: electrolyte concentration, sodium loss, sweat rate.	Hydration planning, electrolyte replacement, heat-risk prevention, athlete fueling, and occupational safety decisions. Examples: athlete fueling, fluid replacement, heat-risk prevention.
symptom pattern	Metabolic and biochemical	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
systolic blood pressure	Cardiovascular and vascular	Emerging / context-dependent	Clinical / regulated use	mmHg	Continuous / repeated	Systolic/diastolic arterial pressure, either cuff-based or estimated continuously/cufflessly from optical and timing signals. Examples: cuffless optical pulse-wave estimate, inflatable wrist cuff pressure, nighttime BP trend.	Hypertension tracking, medication/lifestyle response, nighttime BP patterns, and cardiovascular risk management without repeated cuff readings. Examples: hypertension follow-up, medication response, nocturnal BP monitoring.
temperature regulation output	Therapeutic output and device control	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-regulated output	device state / intensity	Continuous / repeated	A bed, mattress, or nearable device output such as thermal adjustment, support change, vibration wake alarm, or anti-snoring response. Examples: skin temperature trend, skin/wound pH strip or patch, wound thermal image.	Closed-loop sleep optimization, silent wake-up, comfort adjustment, anti-snoring response, and verification that the nearable acted as intended.
thermal image	Skin, wound, and dermatology	Clinical-grade	Product-dependent evidence	image / area	Product-dependent	Image-derived data from optical, thermal, capsule-camera, or fluorescence capture. Examples: local temperature map, wound thermal image.	Diabetic-foot monitoring, wound healing/infection triage, dermatology/UV behavior feedback, and chronic-wound follow-up. Examples: diabetic-foot monitoring, sun-exposure behavior, wound infection triage.
time-to-burn estimate	Metabolic and biochemical	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
time-weighted noise exposure	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	ppm, ug/m3, dB, %, or dose	Continuous / repeated	Personal environmental exposure near the wearer, such as air pollutants, radon, humidity, sound level, or occupational noise dose. Examples: indoor radon/VOC level, occupational noise dose, personal air-quality reading.	Personal exposure logging, workplace compliance, indoor-air-quality action, and environmental risk attribution. Examples: exposure attribution, indoor-air action, workplace compliance.
tissue-fluid glucose	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Clinical / regulated use	mg/dL or mmol/L	Continuous / repeated	Interstitial glucose concentration, trend direction, variability, and high/low event state from CGM or connected glucose inputs. Examples: high/low event flag, interstitial glucose mg/dL or mmol/L, trend arrow.	Diabetes management, non-insulin glucose trend awareness, food/exercise response, high/low event detection, and metabolic coaching. Examples: diabetes management, food-response feedback, high/low glucose alerting.
total sleep time	Respiratory and sleep	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	score / category	Overnight / daily	Sleep duration, staging, architecture, or quality inferred from motion, optical physiology, EEG, or respiratory signals. Examples: breathing-rate time series, movement-derived sleep window, oxygen desaturation pattern.	Sleep coaching, recovery scoring, clinical sleep staging, sleep-disordered breathing workups, and longitudinal fatigue tracking. Examples: recovery coaching, sleep apnea screening, sleep-stage scoring.
touch-therapy vibration	Therapeutic output and device control	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-regulated output	event / state	Session / event-based	A device output or therapy event, such as insulin dose/delivery, electrical stimulation, haptic feedback, or neuromodulation session. Examples: assistance or haptic-output level, dose event, stimulation session.	Closed-loop or on-body therapy, symptom relief, assistive control, rehabilitation support, and product output verification. Examples: assistive control, closed-loop therapy, symptom relief.
transcranial electrical stimulation	Therapeutic output and device control	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-regulated output	event / state	Session / event-based	A device output or therapy event, such as insulin dose/delivery, electrical stimulation, haptic feedback, or neuromodulation session. Examples: assistance or haptic-output level, dose event, stimulation session.	Closed-loop or on-body therapy, symptom relief, assistive control, rehabilitation support, and product output verification. Examples: assistive control, closed-loop therapy, symptom relief.
transcutaneous vibratory stimulation	Therapeutic output and device control	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-regulated output	event / state	Session / event-based	A device output or therapy event, such as insulin dose/delivery, electrical stimulation, haptic feedback, or neuromodulation session. Examples: assistance or haptic-output level, dose event, stimulation session.	Closed-loop or on-body therapy, symptom relief, assistive control, rehabilitation support, and product output verification. Examples: assistive control, closed-loop therapy, symptom relief.
transit time	Metabolic and biochemical	Clinical-grade	Product-dependent evidence	time	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Food intolerance workups, GI motility assessment, fermentation response, capsule diagnostics, and digestive-behavior feedback. Examples: fermentation response, food intolerance assessment, motility testing.
treatment response	Therapeutic output and device control	Derived / proxy	Product-regulated output	score, severity, or event state	Session / event-based	A therapy output, dose, stimulation, haptic, control, or assistance state generated or logged by the wearable system.	Therapy delivery, dose logging, stimulation control, symptom response tracking, and assistive or haptic output verification.
tremor	Neurological and neuromuscular	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	score, severity, or event state	Continuous / repeated	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing.	Sleep staging, seizure/movement-disorder monitoring, brain-computer interfaces, cognitive workload tracking, neuromodulation targeting, or relaxation feedback. Examples: brain-computer interface control, seizure detection, sleep staging.
urine hydration	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Emerging / research-heavy	score / category	Continuous / repeated	Sweat volume/rate plus inferred fluid loss and hydration state during training, heat, or work exposure. Examples: electrolyte concentration, sodium loss, sweat rate.	Hydration planning, electrolyte replacement, heat-risk prevention, athlete fueling, and occupational safety decisions. Examples: athlete fueling, fluid replacement, heat-risk prevention.
urine specific gravity	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
uterine activity	Reproductive and hormonal	Clinical-grade	Clinical / regulated use	count, speed, force, or pattern	Continuous / repeated	Body movement, position, posture, or activity intensity from inertial sensors and wearable algorithms. Examples: accelerometer/gyroscope pattern, plantar-pressure map, step timing sequence.	Fertility-window estimation, pregnancy surveillance, pelvic-floor training, menstrual tracking, lactation support, and menopause symptom monitoring. Examples: fall-risk context, Parkinsonian gait cueing, rehab progress.
UV exposure	Skin, wound, and dermatology	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	score / category	Product-dependent	Cumulative ultraviolet exposure dose measured by a skin-worn or personal exposure sensor. Examples: skin temperature trend, skin/wound pH strip or patch, wound thermal image.	Diabetic-foot monitoring, wound healing/infection triage, dermatology/UV behavior feedback, and chronic-wound follow-up. Examples: diabetic-foot monitoring, sun-exposure behavior, wound infection triage.
UV intensity	Skin, wound, and dermatology	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	score / category	Product-dependent	Cumulative ultraviolet exposure dose measured by a skin-worn or personal exposure sensor. Examples: skin temperature trend, skin/wound pH strip or patch, wound thermal image.	Diabetic-foot monitoring, wound healing/infection triage, dermatology/UV behavior feedback, and chronic-wound follow-up. Examples: diabetic-foot monitoring, sun-exposure behavior, wound infection triage.
UVA exposure	Skin, wound, and dermatology	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	score / category	Product-dependent	Cumulative ultraviolet exposure dose measured by a skin-worn or personal exposure sensor. Examples: skin temperature trend, skin/wound pH strip or patch, wound thermal image.	Diabetic-foot monitoring, wound healing/infection triage, dermatology/UV behavior feedback, and chronic-wound follow-up. Examples: diabetic-foot monitoring, sun-exposure behavior, wound infection triage.
UVB exposure	Skin, wound, and dermatology	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	score / category	Product-dependent	Cumulative ultraviolet exposure dose measured by a skin-worn or personal exposure sensor. Examples: skin temperature trend, skin/wound pH strip or patch, wound thermal image.	Diabetic-foot monitoring, wound healing/infection triage, dermatology/UV behavior feedback, and chronic-wound follow-up. Examples: diabetic-foot monitoring, sun-exposure behavior, wound infection triage.
vaginal pH	Reproductive and hormonal	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	pH	Spot check / episode	Acidity/alkalinity at a specific site, such as GI pH in motility capsules or skin/wound pH in patches. Examples: local acidity/alkalinity reading, pH trace.	Food intolerance workups, GI motility assessment, fermentation response, capsule diagnostics, and digestive-behavior feedback. Examples: fermentation response, food intolerance assessment, motility testing.
vascular health trends	Cardiovascular and vascular	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A cardiovascular measure or derived cardiac/vascular state, usually interpreted from ECG, optical pulse, pressure, or rhythm algorithms.	Cardiac risk context, rhythm review, vascular trend tracking, recovery interpretation, and escalation to clinical review where appropriate.
vibration alarm	Therapeutic output and device control	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-regulated output	device state / intensity	Session / event-based	A bed, mattress, or nearable device output such as thermal adjustment, support change, vibration wake alarm, or anti-snoring response.	Closed-loop sleep optimization, silent wake-up, comfort adjustment, anti-snoring response, and verification that the nearable acted as intended.
vibration alert	Therapeutic output and device control	Derived / proxy	Product-regulated output	score / category	Session / event-based	A therapy output, dose, stimulation, haptic, control, or assistance state generated or logged by the wearable system.	Therapy delivery, dose logging, stimulation control, symptom response tracking, and assistive or haptic output verification.
vibration therapy	Therapeutic output and device control	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-regulated output	event / state	Session / event-based	A device output or therapy event, such as insulin dose/delivery, electrical stimulation, haptic feedback, or neuromodulation session. Examples: assistance or haptic-output level, dose event, stimulation session.	Closed-loop or on-body therapy, symptom relief, assistive control, rehabilitation support, and product output verification. Examples: assistive control, closed-loop therapy, symptom relief.
vigilance state	Neurological and neuromuscular	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing. Examples: breath hydrogen/methane, GI gas concentration profile, ingestible gas capsule reading.	Food intolerance workups, GI motility assessment, fermentation response, capsule diagnostics, and digestive-behavior feedback. Examples: fermentation response, food intolerance assessment, motility testing.
virus index	Environmental exposure	Derived / proxy	Instrument-grade / exposure	ppm, ug/m3, dB, %, or dose	Continuous / repeated	An exposure level or environmental event near the wearer, such as air quality, gas, sound, odor, temperature, or workplace dose.	Exposure attribution, occupational safety, indoor-air decisions, environmental behavior change, and compliance documentation.
VOCs	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	ppm, ug/m3, dB, %, or dose	Continuous / repeated	Personal environmental exposure near the wearer, such as air pollutants, radon, humidity, sound level, or occupational noise dose. Examples: indoor radon/VOC level, occupational noise dose, personal air-quality reading.	Personal exposure logging, workplace compliance, indoor-air-quality action, and environmental risk attribution. Examples: exposure attribution, indoor-air action, workplace compliance.
voice/tone	Sensory, imaging, and interaction signals	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Session / event-based	A camera, audio, display, ocular, hearing, or interaction signal used by a sensory or interface wearable.	Interface control, assistant input, sensory augmentation, visual/audio capture, and context-aware wearable features.
walking ability	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	Walking rhythm, step timing, cadence, speed, interruptions, or gait-event sequence from foot, shoe, insole, or body sensors. Examples: accelerometer/gyroscope pattern, plantar-pressure map, step timing sequence.	Mobility assessment, Parkinsonian gait/freezing detection, fall-risk context, rehab progress, and cueing or robotic assistance. Examples: fall-risk context, Parkinsonian gait cueing, rehab progress.
walking pattern	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	Walking rhythm, step timing, cadence, speed, interruptions, or gait-event sequence from foot, shoe, insole, or body sensors. Examples: accelerometer/gyroscope pattern, plantar-pressure map, step timing sequence.	Mobility assessment, Parkinsonian gait/freezing detection, fall-risk context, rehab progress, and cueing or robotic assistance. Examples: fall-risk context, Parkinsonian gait cueing, rehab progress.
walking speed	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	count, speed, force, or pattern	Product-dependent	Walking rhythm, step timing, cadence, speed, interruptions, or gait-event sequence from foot, shoe, insole, or body sensors. Examples: accelerometer/gyroscope pattern, plantar-pressure map, step timing sequence.	Mobility assessment, Parkinsonian gait/freezing detection, fall-risk context, rehab progress, and cueing or robotic assistance. Examples: fall-risk context, Parkinsonian gait cueing, rehab progress.
weight	Cardiovascular and vascular	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A cardiovascular measure or derived cardiac/vascular state, usually interpreted from ECG, optical pulse, pressure, or rhythm algorithms.	Cardiac risk context, rhythm review, vascular trend tracking, recovery interpretation, and escalation to clinical review where appropriate.
wound area	Skin, wound, and dermatology	Clinical-grade	Clinical / regulated use	image / area	Spot check / episode	A skin, wound, foot, thermal, UV, or inflammation-related condition captured by a patch, textile, image, or local sensor. Examples: skin temperature trend, skin/wound pH strip or patch, wound thermal image.	Diabetic-foot monitoring, wound healing/infection triage, dermatology/UV behavior feedback, and chronic-wound follow-up. Examples: diabetic-foot monitoring, sun-exposure behavior, wound infection triage.
wound status	Skin, wound, and dermatology	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	score, severity, or event state	Spot check / episode	A skin, wound, foot, thermal, UV, or inflammation-related condition captured by a patch, textile, image, or local sensor. Examples: skin temperature trend, skin/wound pH strip or patch, wound thermal image.	Diabetic-foot monitoring, wound healing/infection triage, dermatology/UV behavior feedback, and chronic-wound follow-up. Examples: diabetic-foot monitoring, sun-exposure behavior, wound infection triage.
wound temperature	Skin, wound, and dermatology	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	deg C	Continuous / repeated	Local wound-bed temperature used as a proxy for inflammation, infection risk, or healing status. Examples: local wound inflammation signal, wound-bed temperature trend.	Wound inflammation or infection-risk triage, healing follow-up, and escalation decisions in wound care. Examples: healing follow-up, wound infection triage, wound-care escalation.

100%

OpenFreeMap, OpenMapTiles, OpenStreetMap


AbbottAbbott Park, United States	Lingo	Available	Metabolic and biochemical wearables	Consumer metabolic CGM	Upper-arm skin-worn CGM sensor	Consumer	Lingo is Abbott's over-the-counter upper-arm glucose biosensor and app for tracking glucose response to food, exercise, sleep and daily habits; Ultrahuman M2 Live uses Abbott's Lingo CGM as the sensor layer for a U.S. consumer metabolic platform. Company: Global healthcare company with diabetes care and biowearable platforms spanning FreeStyle Libre and Lingo.	Website LinkedIn	Abbott Park, United States
AbbottAbbott Park, United States	FreeStyle Libre	Available	Metabolic and biochemical wearables	Continuous glucose monitor for diabetes	Skin-worn CGM sensor	Medical	FreeStyle Libre is a skin-worn continuous glucose monitor for diabetes that measures interstitial glucose and glucose trend from an upper-arm sensor. Company: Global healthcare company with diabetes care and biowearable platforms spanning FreeStyle Libre and Lingo.	Website LinkedIn	Abbott Park, United States
Adaptyx BiosciencesMenlo Park, United States	Adaptyx Continuous Molecular Monitoring platform	Research	Metabolic and biochemical wearables	Continuous molecular monitoring patch	Skin patch / adhesive	Academic / Lab	Adaptyx Continuous Molecular Monitoring platform is a wearable patch and dermal-probe platform designed to continuously read interstitial-fluid biomarkers such as free cortisol and other molecular analytes. Company: Biochemical sensing company developing continuous molecular-monitoring wearables for AI-powered care and high-frequency biomarker intelligence.	Website LinkedIn	Menlo Park, United States
AirthingsOslo, Norway	Wave Plus	Available	Environmental and occupational exposure wearables	Indoor exposure nearable	Nearable / environmental	B2B / Workplace	Wave Plus is an indoor exposure monitor that measures radon, VOCs, carbon dioxide, humidity, ambient temperature. Company: Indoor air-quality company building connected radon, VOC, CO2, humidity, and particulate-monitoring devices.	Website LinkedIn	Oslo, Norway
Aktiia / HiloNeuchatel, Switzerland	Hilo Band	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Cuffless blood pressure	Wrist-worn	Medical	Hilo Band is a cuffless blood-pressure monitor that measures blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, heart rate. Company: Swiss-origin blood-pressure monitoring company commercializing optical cuffless blood-pressure technology under Hilo.	Website LinkedIn	Neuchatel, Switzerland
AliveCorMountain View, United States	KardiaMobile / KardiaMobile 6L	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Handheld ECG	Handheld / breath device	Medical	KardiaMobile / KardiaMobile 6L is a handheld ECG device that measures ECG waveform, heart rhythm, AFib / arrhythmia indication, heart rate. Company: Digital cardiac health company known for portable ECG devices and FDA-cleared arrhythmia algorithms.	Website LinkedIn	Mountain View, United States
Amazfit / Zepp HealthHefei, China	Amazfit Helio Ring	Available	Mainstream health and fitness wearables	Smart rings	Finger / ring	Consumer	Amazfit Helio Ring is a consumer smart ring for sleep, readiness, recovery, heart-rate, HRV, SpO2, and activity-related tracking. Company: Consumer wearable brand from Zepp Health making smartwatches, smart rings, and fitness-health analytics.	Website LinkedIn	Hefei, China
AnX RoboticaPlano, United States	NaviCam	Available	Gut tracking, ingestibles and flatulence	Capsule endoscopy	Ingestible capsule	Medical	NaviCam is a capsule endoscopy platform for capturing gastrointestinal camera images for diagnostic review. Company: Medical robotics company developing capsule endoscopy and robotic GI visualization systems.	Website LinkedIn	Plano, United States
Apollo NeuroSan Francisco, United States	Apollo Wearable / Apollo 2.0	Research	Therapeutic, drug-delivery and augmentation wearables	Wearable vibratory stimulation / touch therapy	Wrist or ankle bandoptional clothing clip	ConsumerMedicalAcademic / Lab	The Apollo Wearable is worn on the wrist or ankle or clipped to clothing and delivers app-controlled patterned vibrations. It is marketed for consumer wellness outcomes including relaxation, sleep, focus and recovery; it should not be represented as a cleared medical device. Company: San Francisco consumer-wellness technology company developing wearable patterned-vibration products for sleep, stress, focus and recovery.	Website LinkedIn	San Francisco, United States
AppleCupertino, United States	Apple Watch	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring; Mainstream health and fitness wearables	Smartwatch ECG; Smartwatch health platform	Wrist-worn	ConsumerMedical	Apple Watch is a smartwatch platform with an ECG app/feature that records a single-lead ECG waveform and supports heart-rhythm / AFib indication use cases on supported models. Apple Watch is a smartwatch health platform that measures heart rate, heart-rate variability, ECG waveform, oxygen saturation / SpO2, sleep duration. Company: Consumer technology company integrating health, fitness, hearing, and regulated features into Apple Watch and AirPods.	Website LinkedIn	Cupertino, United States
Atmo BiosciencesBox Hill, Australia	Atmo Gas Capsule	Available	Gut tracking, ingestibles and flatulence	Gut gas capsule	Ingestible capsule	Medical	Atmo Gas Capsule is a gut gas capsule that measures gut hydrogen, gut methane, gut carbon dioxide, gut oxygen, GI temperature. Company: Australian medtech company developing ingestible gas-sensing capsules for gastrointestinal diagnostics.	Website LinkedIn	Box Hill, Australia
AtmotubeSan Francisco, United States	PRO 2	Available	Environmental and occupational exposure wearables	Personal air-quality monitor	Nearable / environmental	B2B / Workplace	PRO 2 is a personal air-quality monitor that measures particulate matter, VOCs, NOx, carbon dioxide, humidity. Company: Personal air-quality monitor company making portable sensors for environmental exposure tracking.	Website LinkedIn	San Francisco, United States
Ava WomenAustin, United States	Ava Fertility	Available	Intimate, reproductive and femtech wearables	Fertility tracking bracelet	Wrist-worn	ConsumerMedical	Ava Fertility is an overnight wrist bracelet and app that collects continuous physiological data during sleep to estimate the fertile window. Company: Women’s reproductive-health company offering wearable and app-based fertility and cycle-tracking tools.	Website LinkedIn	Austin, United States
Baxter / BardyDxDeerfield, United States	CAM Patch	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	ECG patch	Skin patch / adhesive	Medical	CAM Patch is a P-wave centric ambulatory ECG patch used to record cardiac rhythm data over multiple days. Company: Bardy Diagnostics, now part of Baxter, provides ambulatory cardiac monitoring solutions built around the CAM patch.	Website LinkedIn	Deerfield, United States
Baxter / HillromDeerfield, United States	Centrella Smart+ Bed with contact-free monitoring	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Hospital bed contact-free monitoring	Bed-integrated / mattress	Medical	Centrella Smart+ Bed contact-free monitoring uses a bed-integrated sensor to detect cardiac and respiratory motion, trend HR/RR, and alert staff to possible patient distress. Company: Baxter/Hillrom provides hospital beds, connected care, and contact-free monitoring systems used in clinical environments.	Website LinkedIn	Deerfield, United States
Beacon BiosignalsBoston, United States	Waveband	Available	Eye, ear, brain and sensory wearables	Clinical EEG sleep headband	Head-worn	MedicalB2B / Workplace	Waveband is Beacon Biosignals’ at-home EEG headband, formerly Dreem 3S, for clinical-grade EEG collection and automated sleep staging. Company: Neurotechnology and clinical-trial company developing EEG analytics, sleep staging, and wearable brain-monitoring tools for CNS research.	Website LinkedIn	Boston, United States
Beta BionicsIrvine, United States	iLet Bionic Pancreas	Available	Therapeutic, drug-delivery and augmentation wearables	Automated insulin pump / controller	Body-worn pump	Medical	iLet Bionic Pancreas is an automated insulin pump/controller that uses compatible external CGM data to calculate and command insulin delivery; it is an insulin-delivery device rather than a glucose sensor. Company: Diabetes technology company developing automated insulin-delivery systems for people with diabetes.	Website LinkedIn	Irvine, United States
BiobeatPetah Tikva, Israel	Biobeat Chest Monitor / Wrist Monitor	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Cuffless blood pressure	Wrist-worn	Medical	Biobeat Chest Monitor and Wrist Monitor measure cuffless blood pressure and other vital signs continuously for clinical monitoring workflows. Company: Israeli medical wearable company building cuffless, continuous vital-sign monitoring for hospitals, home care, and remote patient monitoring.	Website LinkedIn	Petah Tikva, Israel
BioIntelliSenseGolden, United States	BioButton	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Remote patient monitoring patch	Skin patch / adhesive	Medical	BioButton is a small adhesive wearable for continuous multi-parameter vital-sign monitoring in care-at-home and clinical programs. Company: Remote patient monitoring company developing medical-grade wearable biosensors and clinical intelligence software.	Website LinkedIn	Golden, United States
BiolinqSan Diego, United States	Biolinq Shine	In development	Metabolic and biochemical wearables	OTC glucose monitor for non-insulin users	Skin-worn glucose biosensor	ConsumerMedical	Biolinq Shine is a wearable glucose biosensor positioned for adults with type 2 diabetes who are not using insulin. Company: Biosensor company developing wearable glucose sensing technology for people living with diabetes and metabolic health needs.	Website LinkedIn	San Diego, United States
BloomlifeSan Francisco, United States	Bloomlife Smart Pregnancy Tracker	Available	Intimate, reproductive and femtech wearables	Remote pregnancy monitoring	Abdomen / pregnancy wearable	ConsumerMedical	Bloomlife Smart Pregnancy Tracker is a wearable pregnancy monitoring product for tracking contraction and pregnancy-related signals at home. Company: Maternal health technology company focused on pregnancy monitoring and maternal-fetal data.	Website LinkedIn	San Francisco, United States
BottneuroBasel, Switzerland	Miamind Neurostimulator	Available	Therapeutic, drug-delivery and augmentation wearables	Personalized neuromodulation cap	Head-worn	Medical	Miamind Neurostimulator is a patient-specific, head-worn tES and EEG system with a customized cap and neckpiece for guided home neuromodulation sessions. Company: Swiss clinical-stage neurotechnology company developing personalized non-invasive neuromodulation systems for neurological disorders.	Website LinkedIn	Basel, Switzerland
BryteLos Altos, United States	Bryte Balance smart mattress	Available	Sleep and recovery nearables	Smart mattress sleep optimization	Bed-integrated / mattress	Consumer	Bryte Balance is a smart mattress nearable that monitors sleep and cardiorespiratory patterns while adjusting firmness, pressure relief, and support during the night. Company: Restorative sleep technology company making AI-powered smart mattresses for consumers, hospitality, and partner licensing.	Website LinkedIn	Los Altos, United States
BURŪV / EclipseRxRiverside, United States	BURŪV Apple Watch Band	Available	Environmental and occupational exposure wearables	Personal UV exposure wearable	Apple Watch band accessory with embedded UV sensor	ConsumerB2B / Workplace	BURŪV is an Apple Watch band with a dedicated UV sensor that continuously tracks sun exposure and provides personalized sun-protection and sunscreen-reapplication reminders through its companion software. Company: Dermatologist-led skin-health wearable business based in Riverside, Missouri, developing personalized UV-exposure and sun-protection technology.	Website	Riverside, United States
CapsoVisionSaratoga, United States	CapsoCam Plus	Available	Gut tracking, ingestibles and flatulence	Capsule endoscopy	Ingestible capsule	Medical	CapsoCam Plus is a capsule endoscopy product that captures GI camera images. Company: Medical device company focused on capsule endoscopy systems for gastrointestinal visualization.	Website LinkedIn	Saratoga, United States
CefalySeraing, Belgium	Cefaly Enhanced	Available	Therapeutic, drug-delivery and augmentation wearables	Migraine neuromodulation wearable	Head-worn	Medical	Cefaly Enhanced is a forehead-worn neuromodulation device that delivers electrical stimulation for migraine prevention and acute treatment. Company: Neuromodulation company focused on external trigeminal nerve stimulation devices for migraine.	Website LinkedIn	Seraing, Belgium
CeQurHorw, Switzerland	CeQur Simplicity	Available	Therapeutic, drug-delivery and augmentation wearables	Wearable mealtime insulin patch	Body-worn drug-delivery patch	Medical	CeQur Simplicity is a prescription, wearable bolus-only insulin delivery patch. The marketed version provides on-demand rapid-acting insulin delivery; 2026 FDA clearances cover extended wear of up to seven days and an additional 1-unit dosing variant. Company: Diabetes device company commercializing a simple wearable mealtime insulin patch as an alternative to repeated insulin injections.	Website LinkedIn	Horw, Switzerland
CircularParis, France	Circular Ring	Available	Mainstream health and fitness wearables	Smart rings	Finger / ring	Consumer	Circular Ring is a consumer smart ring that tracks sleep, heart rate, HRV, temperature, SpO2, activity, and recovery metrics. Company: French smart-ring company focused on sleep, recovery, activity, and wellness insights.	Website LinkedIn	Paris, France
Clair HealthMountain View, United States	Clair continuous hormone monitor	In development	Intimate, reproductive and femtech wearables	Continuous hormone monitor	Wrist-worn wearable	Consumer	Clair is a planned wrist-worn continuous hormone monitor claiming noninvasive tracking of estrogen, progesterone, LH, FSH and PdG, currently positioned for early access rather than broad market availability. Company: Women's health startup developing noninvasive continuous hormone monitoring for cycle, fertility, training and health-understanding use cases.	Website	Mountain View, United States
Cognito TherapeuticsCambridge, United States	Spectris AD	Available	Therapeutic, drug-delivery and augmentation wearables	Non-invasive sensory/gamma stimulation	Head-worn audiovisual stimulation device	Medical	Spectris AD is an investigational head-worn audiovisual stimulation device intended for at-home gamma sensory stimulation in Alzheimer's disease studies. Company: Cambridge-based neurotechnology company developing non-invasive neuromodulation therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases, with Spectris AD as its lead Alzheimer's disease program.	Website	Cambridge, United States
Corsano HealthThe Hague, Netherlands	CardioWatch 287-2 / Corsano multi-parameter wearable	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Remote patient monitoring wearable	Wrist-worn wearable with connected blood-pressure, spirometry and weight peripherals	Medical	CardioWatch 287-2 is a wrist-worn patient-monitoring device for adult non-acutely ill patients in professional healthcare facilities, skilled nursing facilities or home monitoring under trained healthcare professionals. The Corsano monitoring system can combine its continuous wrist signals with compatible blood-pressure, spirometry and weight devices. Company: Netherlands-based medical technology company developing medical-grade wearable and cloud systems for continuous remote patient monitoring.	Website LinkedIn	The Hague, Netherlands
Cumulus NeuroscienceBelfast, United Kingdom	NeuLogiq Platform / Cumulus EEG Headset	Available	Eye, ear, brain and sensory wearables	At-home EEG and digital neuroassessment	Dry-sensor EEG headset with tablet-based cognitive-assessment platform	Medical	NeuLogiq combines a self-applied dry-sensor EEG headset with tablet-based assessments for at-home neurophysiology and cognitive monitoring. Cumulus also announced a 2026 collaboration to integrate Muse S Athena sleep EEG into clinical-trial workflows. Company: Neurotechnology company developing remote EEG and cognitive-assessment tools for clinical research and CNS care pathways.	Website LinkedIn	Belfast, United Kingdom
DexcomSan Diego, United States	G7	Available	Metabolic and biochemical wearables	Continuous glucose monitor for diabetes	Skin-worn CGM sensor	Medical	G7 is a skin-worn continuous glucose monitor for diabetes that measures interstitial glucose and glucose trend from an inserted sensor worn on approved body sites. Company: Diabetes technology company focused on continuous glucose monitoring systems.	Website LinkedIn	San Diego, United States
DexcomSan Diego, United States	Stelo	Available	Metabolic and biochemical wearables	OTC glucose monitor for non-insulin users	Skin-worn CGM sensor	Medical	Stelo is an over-the-counter skin-worn glucose biosensor for adults not using insulin that measures interstitial glucose and glucose trends. Company: Diabetes technology company focused on continuous glucose monitoring systems.	Website LinkedIn	San Diego, United States
DigitsoleNancy, France	Digitsole Pro	Available	Smart textiles, feet, wounds and skin	Smart insoles	Foot-worn	B2B / Workplace	Digitsole Pro is a smart insole that measures plantar pressure, gait, cadence, motion. Company: Connected insole company building gait, pressure, and mobility analytics for health and performance.	Website LinkedIn	Nancy, France
DozeeBengaluru, India	Dozee Contactless Vitals / Early Warning System	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Contactless bed vital-sign monitoring	Under-mattress sensor	MedicalB2B / Workplace	Dozee uses an under-mattress sensor sheet to capture heartbeat, respiration, and body-movement micro-vibrations for continuous contactless vital-sign monitoring and early warning workflows. Company: Indian health-tech company building contactless remote patient monitoring and AI-based early warning systems for hospitals and home care.	Website LinkedIn	Bengaluru, India
DreamspanBengaluru, India	Lucid Pro	Available	Sleep and recovery nearables	Smart mattress sleep optimization	Bed-integrated / mattress	Consumer	Lucid Pro is an adaptive sleep system with a mattress cover, control core, adjustable base, app, and SpanOS that monitors sleep and recovery signals while adjusting bed temperature, elevation, airflow, and wake-up conditions. Company: Sleep technology company developing adaptive bed and bedroom systems for consumer sleep optimization.	Website	Bengaluru, India
Earable NeuroscienceBoulder, United States	FRENZ Brainband	Research	Eye, ear, brain and sensory wearables	EEG / fNIRS mental fitness and sleep headbands	Head-worn	ConsumerAcademic / Lab	FRENZ Brainband is an EEG meditation and sleep headband that measures EEG, EOG, EMG, sleep stages, neurofeedback state. Company: Neurotechnology company building head-worn sleep and cognitive-performance wearables.	Website LinkedIn	Boulder, United States
EBI / XstimParsippany, United States	Xstim Spine Fusion Stimulator	Available	Therapeutic, drug-delivery and augmentation wearables	Wearable spine fusion stimulator	Wearable external stimulation device with electrodes	Medical	Xstim Spine Fusion Stimulator is a wearable external electrical stimulation system with comfort hydrogel electrodes placed near the fusion site to support bone healing after lumbar spinal fusion. Company: EBI is a bone growth stimulation company; Xstim adds a wearable non-invasive spine fusion stimulation therapy to its portfolio.	Website LinkedIn	Parsippany, United States
Eight SleepNew York, United States	Pod / Pod Cover	Available	Sleep and recovery nearables	Smart mattress cover / sleep climate system	Bed-integrated / mattress	Consumer	Pod / Pod Cover is a smart mattress cover / sleep climate system that captures heart rate, heart-rate variability, respiratory rate, sleep duration, sleep stages. Company: Sleep technology company building temperature-regulating smart bed systems and sleep/recovery analytics.	Website LinkedIn	New York, United States
Ekso BionicsSan Rafael, United States	EksoNR	Available	Therapeutic, drug-delivery and augmentation wearables	Rehabilitation exoskeleton	Exoskeleton / robotic wearable	Medical	EksoNR is a rehabilitation exoskeleton that assists gait training while tracking step count, joint movement, and robotic assistance level. Company: Wearable robotics company developing exoskeletons for rehabilitation and mobility support.	Website LinkedIn	San Rafael, United States
Eli HealthMontreal, Canada	Hormometer	In development	Metabolic and biochemical wearables	Cortisol tracking	Skin patch / adhesive	Academic / Lab	Hormometer is a cortisol tracking product that measures cortisol. Company: Women’s health company developing at-home hormone testing and longitudinal hormone insights.	Website LinkedIn	Montreal, Canada
ElvieLondon, United Kingdom	Elvie Trainer	Available	Intimate, reproductive and femtech wearables	Pelvic-floor trainer	Intra-vaginal / intimate device	Consumer	Elvie Trainer is a pelvic-floor trainer that measures pelvic-floor force, motion, exercise performance. Company: Femtech company building app-connected pelvic-floor and wearable breast-pump hardware.	Website LinkedIn	London, United Kingdom
ElvieLondon, United Kingdom	Elvie Pump	Available	Intimate, reproductive and femtech wearables	Wearable breast pump	Torso / chest-worn	Consumer	Elvie Pump is a wearable breast pump that measures milk volume, pump session timing. Company: Femtech company building app-connected pelvic-floor and wearable breast-pump hardware.	Website LinkedIn	London, United Kingdom
EmfitVaajakoski, Finland	Emfit QS / Emfit CARE	Available	Sleep and recovery nearables	Under-mattress sleep and recovery sensor	Under-mattress sensor	Consumer	Emfit QS and Emfit CARE are under-mattress nearables that derive heart rate, HRV, breathing rate, movement, sleep, and bed-occupancy data from body motion. Company: Finnish company focused on contact-free under-mattress sleep, recovery, seizure-movement, and care monitoring sensors.	Website LinkedIn	Vaajakoski, Finland
EmmLondon, United Kingdom	Smart Menstrual Cup	In development	Intimate, reproductive and femtech wearables	Smart menstrual cup	Menstrual cup	Consumer	Smart Menstrual Cup is a smart menstrual cup that measures menstrual flow volume, cup fill level. Company: Femtech startup developing a connected menstrual cup for menstrual-flow tracking.	Website LinkedIn	London, United Kingdom
EmpaticaBoston, United States	EpiMonitor	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Seizure monitoring system	Wrist-worn	Medical	EpiMonitor is Empatica’s seizure-monitoring system. It uses the EmbracePlus wrist wearable and companion app to detect possible generalized tonic-clonic seizures, alert caregivers, and support seizure, sleep, and activity diaries. Company: Medical wearable company building seizure, clinical monitoring, actigraphy, and remote-care devices using wrist-worn biosensors.	Website LinkedIn	Boston, United States
EmpaticaBoston, United States	EmbracePlus	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Continuous health monitoring wearable	Wrist-worn	Medical	EmbracePlus is Empatica’s medical-grade wrist wearable for continuous health monitoring, clinical research, and EpiMonitor seizure monitoring. It collects raw sensor data and digital biomarkers through the Empatica Health Monitoring Platform. Company: Medical wearable company building seizure, clinical monitoring, actigraphy, and remote-care devices using wrist-worn biosensors.	Website LinkedIn	Boston, United States
EmpaticaBoston, United States	EmbraceMini	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Actigraphy wearable	Other / mixed form factor	Medical	EmbraceMini is Empatica’s compact actigraphy wearable for clinical trials and care. It can be worn with dedicated accessories on different body locations and uses motion and ambient-light sensors for continuous sleep and activity data collection. Company: Medical wearable company building seizure, clinical monitoring, actigraphy, and remote-care devices using wrist-worn biosensors.	Website LinkedIn	Boston, United States
EnLiSenseAllen, United States	CORTI	In development	Metabolic and biochemical wearables	Cortisol tracking	Skin patch / adhesive	Academic / Lab	CORTI is EnLiSense’s sweat-sensor product line for cortisol and related hormone monitoring in wellness contexts. Company: Biosensor company developing sweat-based sensing platforms for inflammatory and stress biomarkers.	Website LinkedIn	Allen, United States
EOFlowSeongnam, South Korea	EOPatch	Available	Therapeutic, drug-delivery and augmentation wearables	Tubeless insulin patch pump	Body-worn drug-delivery patch	Medical	EOPatch is EOFlow’s tubeless, disposable on-body insulin patch pump for continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, supporting basal and bolus insulin delivery; it delivers insulin rather than measuring glucose directly. Company: Diabetes device company developing wearable insulin patch pumps and connected diabetes management systems.	Website LinkedIn	Seongnam, South Korea
Epicore BiosystemsCambridge, United States	Discovery Patch Sweat Collection System	Research	Metabolic and biochemical wearables	Professional sweat biomarker platform	Skin patch / adhesive	MedicalB2B / WorkplaceAcademic / Lab	Discovery Patch Sweat Collection System is Epicore’s orderable professional wearable patch system for collecting sweat during on-body wear, extracting the sample into vials, and enabling downstream biomarker analysis in clinical research and healthcare-professional contexts. Company: Digital health company building wearable microfluidic sweat systems for hydration, heat, and biomarker monitoring.	Website LinkedIn	Cambridge, United States
ETH ZurichZurich, Switzerland	MenstruAI	Research	Intimate, reproductive and femtech wearables	In-pad menstrual biomarker sensor	Menstrual pad / liner	ConsumerAcademic / Lab	MenstruAI is a research smart sanitary pad concept with integrated colorimetric test-strip sensors for detecting menstrual-blood biomarkers directly in the pad, without mailing a sample to a laboratory. Company: Swiss research university developing experimental diagnostic and bioengineering technologies.	Website LinkedIn	Zurich, Switzerland
FeetMeParis, France	FeetMe Monitor	Available	Smart textiles, feet, wounds and skin	Smart insoles	Foot-worn	Medical	FeetMe Monitor is a smart insole that measures plantar pressure, gait, cadence, motion. Company: French medical technology company building connected insoles for gait, mobility, and rehabilitation analytics.	Website LinkedIn	Paris, France
FiberSenseBasel, Switzerland	FiberSense CGM System	Unknown	Metabolic and biochemical wearables	Continuous glucose monitor for diabetes	Skin-worn upper-arm or abdomen CGM sensor with reusable detector	Medical	FiberSense CGM System is a skin-worn continuous glucose monitoring system combining a fiber-optic glucose sensor, reusable detector, charger and mobile app to measure glucose in tissue fluid beneath the skin. Company: Swiss medical technology company developing optical biomarker sensing products, with FiberSense as its CE-marked continuous glucose monitoring brand for adults with diabetes.	Website	Basel, Switzerland
Flow NeuroscienceMalmo, Sweden	Flow headset	Available	Therapeutic, drug-delivery and augmentation wearables	Personalized neuromodulation cap	Head-worn	Medical	Flow headset is a head-worn transcranial direct-current stimulation device used with an app-based therapy program. Company: Swedish digital therapeutics company developing home-use brain stimulation and behavioral therapy for depression.	Website LinkedIn	Malmo, Sweden
FLOWBIOLondon, United Kingdom	FLOWBIO Sensor	Available	Metabolic and biochemical wearables	Hydration / electrolyte sweat sensor	Skin patch / adhesive	Consumer	FLOWBIO Sensor measures sweat loss and sodium/electrolyte patterns to guide hydration and fueling decisions during training and racing. Company: Sports biosensor company building wearable sweat analytics for endurance athletes and teams.	Website LinkedIn	London, United Kingdom
FoodMarbleDublin, Ireland	AIRE 2	Available	Gut tracking, ingestibles and flatulence	Breath gut-fermentation tracker	Handheld / breath device	ConsumerMedical	AIRE 2 is a breath-based gut-fermentation tracker that measures breath hydrogen, breath methane, fermentation response. Company: Digestive health company making consumer breath analyzers for fermentation and food-response tracking.	Website LinkedIn	Dublin, Ireland
Fullpower-AISanta Cruz, United States	Sleeptracker-AI	Available	Sleep and recovery nearables	Bed sensor sleep analytics platform	Bed-integrated / mattress	Consumer	Sleeptracker-AI is a nearable sleep-monitoring platform that can determine bed presence and measure heart rate, HRV, respiration rate, sleep stages, snoring, breathing disturbances, and sleep quality. Company: AI biosensing company behind Sleeptracker-AI, a contactless sleep and smart-bed intelligence platform.	Website LinkedIn	Santa Cruz, United States
GarminOlathe, United States	HRM-Pro	Available	Mainstream health and fitness wearables	Chest straps	Torso / chest-worn	Consumer	HRM-Pro is a chest strap that measures heart rate, heart-rate variability. Company: Wearables and navigation company with sports watches, chest straps, and health-tracking platforms.	Website LinkedIn	Olathe, United States
GarminOlathe, United States	Garmin Venu 3	Available	Mainstream health and fitness wearables	Smartwatch health platform	Wrist-worn	ConsumerMedical	Garmin Venu 3 is a health and fitness smartwatch with heart-rate, HRV, sleep, activity, and region-dependent ECG app support. Company: Wearables and navigation company with sports watches, chest straps, and health-tracking platforms.	Website LinkedIn	Olathe, United States
GatoradeChicago, United States	Gx Sweat Patch	Available	Metabolic and biochemical wearables	Hydration / electrolyte sweat sensor	Skin patch / adhesive	Consumer	Gx Sweat Patch is Gatorade’s single-use microfluidic sweat patch for athletes. Worn during a workout and scanned with the Gx app, it estimates sweat rate, fluid loss, and sodium loss to generate personalized hydration recommendations. Company: Sports performance beverage and nutrition brand within PepsiCo that offers the Gx hydration system, including bottles, pods, an app, and the Gx Sweat Patch.	Website LinkedIn	Chicago, United States
GlakoLensIstanbul, Turkey	GlakoLens smart contact lens	In development	Eye, ear, brain and sensory wearables	Glaucoma IOP monitoring smart contact lens	Contact lens / eye	Medical	GlakoLens is developing a non-invasive smart contact lens system for 24-hour continuous intraocular-pressure monitoring, intended to help doctors diagnose glaucoma earlier and personalize glaucoma treatment decisions. Company: Medical technology company developing a smart diagnostic contact lens system for glaucoma management and continuous intraocular-pressure monitoring.	Website LinkedIn	Istanbul, Turkey
Google / FitbitMountain View, United States	Google Pixel Watch / Fitbit Charge 6	Available	Mainstream health and fitness wearables	Smartwatch health platform	Wrist-worn	ConsumerMedical	Google Pixel Watch and Fitbit Charge 6 are official Google/Fitbit wearable product lines used here as examples of Fitbit-powered health tracking. Company: Consumer health and wearable platform combining Fitbit devices, Pixel Watch, and Google health software.	Website LinkedIn	Mountain View, United States
GraphWearSan Francisco, United States	GraphWear sweat biosensor	Research	Metabolic and biochemical wearables	Professional sweat biomarker platform	Skin patch / adhesive	B2B / WorkplaceAcademic / Lab	GraphWear’s wearable biosensor platform targets continuous biochemical monitoring from sweat and related molecular signals. Company: Wearable biosensor company developing graphene-based molecular sensing for continuous health monitoring.	Website LinkedIn	San Francisco, United States
HabitatMapBrooklyn, United States	AirBeam3	Research	Environmental and occupational exposure wearables	Personal air-quality monitor	Nearable / environmental	ConsumerB2B / WorkplaceAcademic / Lab	AirBeam3 is an orderable portable air-quality monitor for measuring PM1, PM2.5, PM10, relative humidity, and ambient temperature while mapping personal or community exposure. HabitatMap also offers AirBeam Mini as a lower-cost personal monitor. Company: Environmental health nonprofit and technology project building tools for personal exposure monitoring and air-quality mapping.	Website LinkedIn	Brooklyn, United States
Happy HealthAustin, United States	Happy Ring	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Ring-based home sleep test	Finger / ring	Medical	Happy Ring is a finger-worn medical smart ring used in Happy Health Home Sleep Test, an FDA-cleared software-as-a-medical-device workflow for evaluating sleep-related breathing disorders at home under clinician direction. Happy Sleep is the patient-facing care platform around the test. Company: Health technology company behind the Happy Ring medical smart ring and Happy Sleep, a home sleep-testing and sleep-care platform.	Website LinkedIn	Austin, United States
hDropLittle Rock, United States	hDrop	Available	Metabolic and biochemical wearables	Hydration / electrolyte sweat sensor	Skin patch / adhesive	Consumer	hDrop is a hydration and electrolyte sweat sensor that measures sweat rate, fluid loss, sodium, electrolytes, hydration status. Company: Sports biosensor company making sweat and hydration-monitoring wearables.	Website LinkedIn	Little Rock, United States
HexoskinMontreal, Canada	Hexoskin Smart Shirt / Hexoskin Medical System	Available	Mainstream health and fitness wearables	Smart clothing / biometric shirts	Torso / chest-worn	ConsumerMedical	Hexoskin Smart Shirt is a directly orderable biometric smart garment and recorder system for heart, breathing and activity data. Hexoskin Medical System is the FDA-cleared clinical version for clinician-directed long-term ECG, respiratory-rate and activity recording at home or in healthcare settings. Company: Smart-garment company building textile-based ECG, respiratory, and activity monitoring systems.	Website LinkedIn	Montreal, Canada
HuaweiShenzhen, China	Huawei Watch D2	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Watch-style blood-pressure cuff	Wrist-worn	ConsumerMedical	Huawei Watch D2 is a wrist-worn smartwatch with ambulatory blood-pressure monitoring and ECG/health features in supported markets. Company: Global consumer electronics and telecommunications company with smartwatch and health-sensing products.	Website LinkedIn	Shenzhen, China
InsuletActon, United States	Omnipod 5	Available	Therapeutic, drug-delivery and augmentation wearables	Tubeless automated insulin patch pump	Body-worn drug-delivery patch	Medical	Omnipod 5 is a tubeless on-body insulin patch pump controlled by an app/controller; in automated mode it uses glucose data from a compatible external CGM to adjust insulin delivery, but the Pod itself is an insulin-delivery device, not a CGM sensor. Company: Diabetes technology company making tubeless wearable insulin-pump systems.	Website LinkedIn	Acton, United States
iRhythmSan Francisco, United States	Zio	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	ECG patch	Skin patch / adhesive	Medical	Zio is an ECG patch that measures ECG waveform, heart rhythm, AFib / arrhythmia indication, heart rate. Company: Digital cardiac diagnostics company known for Zio ambulatory ECG patch monitoring.	Website LinkedIn	San Francisco, United States
Itamar Medical / ZOLLCaesarea / Chelmsford, Israel / United States	WatchPAT	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Sleep apnea home test	Finger sensor / probe	Medical	WatchPAT is a home sleep-apnea test that measures sleep apnea events, oxygen saturation / SpO2, pulse rate, peripheral arterial tone, actigraphy. Company: Sleep diagnostics company within ZOLL known for WatchPAT home sleep apnea testing.	Website LinkedIn	Caesarea / Chelmsford, Israel / United States
keggSan Francisco, United States	kegg	Available	Intimate, reproductive and femtech wearables	Cervical-fluid fertility monitor	Intra-vaginal / intimate device	Consumer	kegg is a cervical-fluid fertility monitor that measures cervical fluid electrolytes, fertile-window signal. Company: Fertility technology company making a cervical-fluid electrolyte monitor.	Website LinkedIn	San Francisco, United States
KenzenKansas City, United States	Kenzen Patch	Available	Metabolic and biochemical wearables	Hydration / heat strain monitor	Skin patch / adhesive	B2B / Workplace	Kenzen Patch is a worker-worn heat safety sensor that tracks physiological strain and heat-risk indicators for industrial teams. Company: Industrial safety wearable company focused on heat-stress prevention and workforce physiology monitoring.	Website LinkedIn	Kansas City, United States
L’Oreal / La Roche-PosayClichy, France	My Skin Track UV	Discontinued	Smart textiles, feet, wounds and skin	UV exposure wearable	Skin patch / adhesive	Unclear	My Skin Track UV was a formerly sold, battery-free clip-on UV exposure sensor from La Roche-Posay / L’Oréal that measured cumulative UVA/UVB exposure and synced readings to a companion app. It is kept here as a discontinued historical example, not as a current product. Company: Beauty and dermatology brand group experimenting with skin, UV, and personal-care sensing.	Website LinkedIn	Clichy, France
Lifeward / ReWalk RoboticsMarlborough / Yokneam Illit, United States / Israel	ReWalk	Available	Therapeutic, drug-delivery and augmentation wearables	Rehabilitation exoskeleton	Exoskeleton / robotic wearable	Medical	ReWalk is a rehabilitation exoskeleton that supports assisted walking while tracking gait, step count, joint movement, and assistance level. Company: Mobility technology company developing exoskeleton and rehabilitation systems.	Website LinkedIn	Marlborough / Yokneam Illit, United States / Israel
Lite RunSt Paul, United States	Lite Run Mobility Trainer	Available	Therapeutic, drug-delivery and augmentation wearables	Wearable mobility assistance / gait rehabilitation	Lower-body pneumatic unweighting mobility trainer	Medical	Lite Run Mobility Trainer is a lower-body pneumatic unweighting and mobility-assistance system for walking, gait training and rehabilitation support. Company: Mobility technology company developing pneumatic body-weight support systems for gait and rehabilitation workflows.	Website LinkedIn	St Paul, United States
LumenTel Aviv, Israel	Lumen	Available	Metabolic and biochemical wearables	Breath metabolism	Handheld / breath device	Consumer	Lumen is a breath metabolism device that measures breath carbon dioxide, metabolic fuel-use estimate. Company: Metabolic health company making handheld breath analyzers for fuel-use and nutrition feedback.	Website LinkedIn	Tel Aviv, Israel
Lumia HealthBoston, United States	Lumia 2	Available	Eye, ear, brain and sensory wearables	Smart earrings for head blood-flow tracking	Ear-worn jewelry / earrings	ConsumerMedical	Lumia 2 is a smart earring system that places sensing hardware in an earring back to track blood flow to the head alongside sleep, activity, temperature, cycle, posture, and symptom-context signals for consumer wellness use. Company: Boston-based wearable health company developing smart earrings that track blood flow to the head and related wellness signals.	Website LinkedIn	Boston, United States
MagnesZurich, Switzerland	NUSHU / NUSHU X	Available	Movement, gait and mobility wearables	Smart gait-analysis shoes / mobility cueing	Smart footwear / shoes	MedicalB2B / WorkplaceAcademic / Lab	NUSHU / NUSHU X are sensorized smart shoes that measure gait and walking patterns, analyze mobility with AI, and deliver vibration cues to support more confident walking. Company: ETH Zurich spin-off in Zurich developing AI-powered smart footwear for gait analysis, mobility support, and vibrotactile feedback.	Website LinkedIn	Zurich, Switzerland
MedtronicMinneapolis, United States	PillCam SB3	Available	Gut tracking, ingestibles and flatulence	Capsule endoscopy	Ingestible capsule	Medical	PillCam SB3 is Medtronic’s ingestible capsule endoscopy system for direct visualization of the small bowel. It captures gastrointestinal camera images for physician review; newer PillCam Genius kits add a body-adhered link device for at-home or hybrid capsule procedures. Company: Global medical technology company with diabetes, gastrointestinal, neuromodulation, and surgical platforms.	Website LinkedIn	Minneapolis, United States
MedtronicMinneapolis, United States	SmartPill Motility Testing System	Discontinued	Gut tracking, ingestibles and flatulence	GI motility capsule	Ingestible capsule	Medical	SmartPill Motility Testing System was a formerly sold clinical wireless motility capsule that measured GI pH, pressure, temperature and transit time across the gastrointestinal tract. It is included as a discontinued historical product, not as a currently available Medtronic product. Company: Global medical technology company with diabetes, gastrointestinal, neuromodulation, and surgical platforms.	Website LinkedIn	Minneapolis, United States
MoticonMunich, Germany	ReGo	Available	Smart textiles, feet, wounds and skin	Smart insoles	Foot-worn	B2B / Workplace	ReGo is a smart insole that measures plantar pressure, gait, cadence, motion. Company: Connected insole company focused on plantar-pressure, gait, and movement analysis.	Website LinkedIn	Munich, Germany
Movano HealthPleasanton, United States	Evie Ring	Available	Mainstream health and fitness wearables	Smart rings	Finger / ring	Consumer	Evie Ring is a smart ring for women that tracks sleep, activity, heart rate, HRV, SpO2, skin temperature, and cycle-related context. Company: Health technology company developing wearable devices and analytics with a focus on women’s health.	Website LinkedIn	Pleasanton, United States
MuseToronto, Canada	Muse 2 Headband / Muse S Athena	Research	Eye, ear, brain and sensory wearables	EEG / fNIRS mental fitness and sleep headbands	Head-worn	ConsumerMedicalAcademic / Lab	Muse 2 Headband is a directly orderable EEG headband for meditation, focus and calm training. Muse S Athena is a sleep and cognitive-fitness headband combining EEG with fNIRS, with features for sleep support, stress, focus and recovery-oriented insights. Company: Consumer neurotechnology company making EEG headbands for meditation and sleep feedback.	Website LinkedIn	Toronto, Canada
MyantToronto, Canada	Heart-Aid Kit / SKIIN Connected Clothing System	Available	Mainstream health and fitness wearables	Smart textile cardiac monitoring garments	Skin patch / adhesive	ConsumerMedical	Heart-Aid Kit / SKIIN Connected Clothing System combines washable sensor garments and a reusable pod/app workflow for extended ECG-based cardiac monitoring without adhesive patches. Company: Canadian smart-textile and cardiac-monitoring company commercializing SKIIN connected garments for continuous ECG-based monitoring and patient-friendly cardiac screening.	Website LinkedIn	Toronto, Canada
Naox TechnologiesParis, France	NAOX LINK	Available	Eye, ear, brain and sensory wearables	Clinical in-ear EEG	Ear-worn / hearable	ConsumerMedicalB2B / WorkplaceAcademic / Lab	NAOX LINK is an FDA-authorized in-ear EEG system for clinicians and researchers to acquire, record, and transmit single-channel EEG in home, healthcare, and clinical-research settings. It appears available through professional/contact-sales pathways, not as a consumer buy-now product. Company: French neurotechnology company developing in-ear EEG systems for clinical brain monitoring and consumer-electronics integration.	Website LinkedIn	Paris, France
Naox TechnologiesParis, France	NAOX WAVE	In development	Eye, ear, brain and sensory wearables	Consumer earbud EEG integration platform	Ear-worn / hearable	Consumer	NAOX WAVE is a plug-and-play EEG hardware, algorithm, SDK, and API platform intended for consumer earbud manufacturers. It is consumer-facing in use case, but currently presented as an OEM/partner platform rather than a retail product that individuals can buy. Company: French neurotechnology company developing in-ear EEG systems for clinical brain monitoring and consumer-electronics integration.	Website LinkedIn	Paris, France
Nerivio / TheranicaNetanya, Israel	Nerivio	Available	Therapeutic, drug-delivery and augmentation wearables	Migraine neuromodulation wearable	Upper-arm / armband	Medical	Nerivio is a migraine neuromodulation wearable that delivers remote electrical neuromodulation and tracks migraine symptom response. Company: Digital therapeutics company making wearable remote electrical neuromodulation for migraine.	Website LinkedIn	Netanya, Israel
NextSenseMountain View, United States	NextSense Smartbuds	Available	Eye, ear, brain and sensory wearables	EEG sleep earbuds	Ear-worn / hearable	Consumer	NextSense Smartbuds are directly orderable EEG earbuds that use six dry-contact EEG sensors and adaptive audio to track brain activity during sleep and support deeper slow-wave sleep, meditation, and focus. Company: Brain-health company commercializing consumer EEG earbuds and neural-data software for sleep, meditation, and focus applications.	Website LinkedIn	Mountain View, United States
NirvaSan Francisco, United States	Nirva AI Jewelry / Nirva Necklace	In development	Eye, ear, brain and sensory wearables	AI emotional-wellness necklace / sensory journaling wearable	Jewelry pendant worn as necklace or bracelet	ConsumerMedical	Nirva AI Jewelry is a pendant-style wearable that can be worn as a necklace or bracelet. It uses voice/audio context, motion and ambient light/UV signals to generate automatic journals, mood and energy insight, stress context and social-pattern reflections for consumer wellness. Company: San Francisco-based AI wearable company building jewelry-grade context-aware companions for self-awareness, automatic journaling and emotional insight.	Website LinkedIn	San Francisco, United States
Nix BiosensorsBoston, United States	Nix Hydration Biosensor	Available	Metabolic and biochemical wearables	Hydration / electrolyte sweat sensor	Skin-worn sweat biosensor patch	Consumer	Nix Hydration Biosensor is a hydration and electrolyte sweat sensor that measures sweat rate, fluid loss, sodium, electrolytes and hydration status; Nix Pro adds organizational risk-assessment dashboards on top of the sensor data. Company: Wearable biosensor company focused on sweat-based hydration and electrolyte monitoring.	Website LinkedIn	Boston, United States
Nuance AudioCharenton-le-Pont, France	Nuance Audio Glasses	Available	Eye, ear, brain and sensory wearables	Hearing glasses	Eyewear / glasses	ConsumerMedical	Nuance Audio Glasses combine prescription-style eyewear with built-in hearing technology for mild-to-moderate hearing support; the product amplifies and shapes audio for the wearer rather than measuring a clinical biomarker. Company: EssilorLuxottica hearing-technology brand building audio glasses for mild-to-moderate hearing support.	Website LinkedIn	Charenton-le-Pont, France
NutromicsMelbourne, Australia	Lab-on-a-Patch	Research	Metabolic and biochemical wearables	Continuous molecular monitoring patch	Skin patch / adhesive	MedicalAcademic / Lab	Lab-on-a-Patch is a wearable molecular monitoring platform designed to continuously measure clinically relevant analytes such as therapeutic drug levels. Company: Australian medtech company developing continuous molecular monitoring through a wearable Lab-on-a-Patch platform.	Website LinkedIn	Melbourne, Australia
NuvoTel Aviv, Israel	INVU	Available	Intimate, reproductive and femtech wearables	Remote pregnancy monitoring	Abdomen / pregnancy wearable	ConsumerMedical	INVU is a remote pregnancy monitoring wearable that measures fetal heart rate, maternal heart rate, uterine activity. Company: Maternal-fetal health company building remote pregnancy monitoring technology.	Website LinkedIn	Tel Aviv, Israel
OmronKyoto, Japan	HeartGuide	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Watch-style blood-pressure cuff	Wrist-worn	Medical	HeartGuide is a watch-style blood-pressure cuff that measures blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate. Company: Medical device company known for blood-pressure monitors and cardiovascular home-health devices.	Website LinkedIn	Kyoto, Japan
OrpyxCalgary, Canada	SI Sensory Insoles	Available	Smart textiles, feet, wounds and skin	Smart insoles	Foot-worn	Medical	Orpyx SI Sensory Insoles track plantar pressure and movement patterns to support diabetic foot care and pressure offloading. Company: Canadian digital health company developing sensorized insoles and remote monitoring for diabetic foot and mobility care.	Website LinkedIn	Calgary, Canada
OuraOulu / San Francisco, Finland / United States	Oura Ring 4	Available	Mainstream health and fitness wearables	Smart rings	Finger-worn smart ring	Unclear	Oura Ring 4 is a smart ring that measures heart rate, heart-rate variability, skin temperature, respiratory rate, blood oxygen, sleep and activity context for consumer health and recovery insights. Company: Smart ring company focused on sleep, recovery, temperature, readiness, activity, heart health, stress and women's health insights.	Website LinkedIn	Oulu / San Francisco, Finland / United States
OvulaRingLeipzig, Germany	OvulaRing	Available	Intimate, reproductive and femtech wearables	Temperature-based fertility tracker	Intra-vaginal / intimate device	ConsumerMedical	OvulaRing is a vaginal ring fertility tracker that measures core body temperature, ovulation temperature shift. Company: Fertility technology company using a vaginal temperature ring for cycle and ovulation insights.	Website LinkedIn	Leipzig, Germany
OvuSenseOld Saybrook, United States	OvuCore	Available	Intimate, reproductive and femtech wearables	Temperature-based fertility tracker	Intra-vaginal / intimate device	ConsumerMedical	OvuCore is an intra-vaginal temperature fertility sensor that measures core body temperature, ovulation temperature shift. Company: Fertility technology company making vaginal temperature sensors for ovulation tracking.	Website LinkedIn	Old Saybrook, United States
PERIDublin, Ireland	Peri	In development	Intimate, reproductive and femtech wearables	Perimenopause wearable	Torso / chest-worn	Consumer	Peri is a perimenopause wearable that measures hot flashes, night sweats, skin temperature, heart rate. Company: Women’s health company developing wearable tracking for perimenopause symptoms.	Website LinkedIn	Dublin, Ireland
PerifitParis, France	Perifit Care	Available	Intimate, reproductive and femtech wearables	Pelvic-floor trainer	Intra-vaginal / intimate device	Consumer	Perifit Care is an app-connected pelvic-floor trainer that uses pressure/movement biofeedback to guide training exercises. Company: Femtech company building connected pelvic-floor training and women’s health devices.	Website LinkedIn	Paris, France
PKG Health / Global KineticsMelbourne, Australia	PKG Watch	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Parkinson’s monitoring	Wrist-worn	MedicalB2B / Workplace	PKG Watch is a Parkinson’s monitoring device that measures tremor, bradykinesia, dyskinesia, motion, medication response patterns. Company: Movement-disorder monitoring company building wrist-worn Parkinson’s assessment tools.	Website LinkedIn	Melbourne, Australia
PolarKempele, Finland	Polar H10	Available	Mainstream health and fitness wearables	ECG chest-strap heart-rate sensor	Torso / chest-worn	Medical	Polar H10 is an ECG chest-strap heart-rate sensor for high-precision training heart-rate monitoring. It transmits heart rate and R-R interval data for HRV/recovery analysis with compatible Polar devices and apps, and includes an accelerometer. Company: Finnish sports wearable company known for heart-rate sensors, sports watches, training analytics, and Polar Flow.	Website LinkedIn	Kempele, Finland
QuellWoburn, United States	Quell Fibromyalgia	Available	Therapeutic, drug-delivery and augmentation wearables	Fibromyalgia / pain neuromodulation	Leg / calf-worn	Medical	Quell Fibromyalgia is a pain neuromodulation wearable that delivers electrical stimulation and tracks pain symptom response. Company: Wearable neuromodulation brand focused on fibromyalgia pain management.	Website LinkedIn	Woburn, United States
ResMedSan Diego, United States	NightOwl	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Sleep apnea home test	Finger sensor / probe	Medical	NightOwl is a home sleep-apnea test that measures sleep apnea events, oxygen saturation / SpO2, pulse rate, peripheral arterial tone, actigraphy. Company: Connected respiratory health company with sleep apnea, ventilation, and home sleep testing products.	Website LinkedIn	San Diego, United States
RingConnWilmington, United States	RingConn Gen 3	Available	Mainstream health and fitness wearables	Smart ring	Finger / ring	ConsumerMedical	RingConn Gen 3 is a consumer smart ring for continuous wellness tracking, including heart rate, HRV, SpO2, respiratory rate, skin temperature, sleep, activity, stress, sleep-apnea pattern awareness, vascular trend insights, and vibration alerts. RingConn states it is not a medical device and does not provide diagnostic blood-pressure measurement. Company: Smart ring company making consumer health, sleep, recovery, stress, and activity tracking rings without a subscription model.	Website LinkedIn	Wilmington, United States
SamsungSuwon, South Korea	Galaxy Watch	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring; Mainstream health and fitness wearables	Smartwatch ECG; Smartwatch health platform	Wrist-worn	ConsumerMedical	Galaxy Watch is a smartwatch platform with an ECG app/feature for ECG waveform capture and heart-rhythm / AFib indication use cases on supported models and in supported markets. Galaxy Watch is a smartwatch health platform that measures heart rate, heart-rate variability, ECG waveform, oxygen saturation / SpO2, sleep duration. Company: Consumer electronics company with Galaxy Watch, Galaxy Ring, and regulated health features.	Website LinkedIn	Suwon, South Korea
SamsungSuwon, South Korea	Galaxy Ring	Available	Mainstream health and fitness wearables	Smart rings	Finger / ring	Unclear	Galaxy Ring is a smart ring that measures heart rate, heart-rate variability, skin temperature, sleep duration, sleep stages. Company: Consumer electronics company with Galaxy Watch, Galaxy Ring, and regulated health features.	Website LinkedIn	Suwon, South Korea
SenseonicsGermantown, United States	Eversense 365	Available	Metabolic and biochemical wearables	Continuous glucose monitor for diabetes	Implantable CGM sensor + body transmitter	Medical	Eversense 365 is a long-duration implantable continuous glucose monitor: a sensor is placed under the skin by a healthcare professional and communicates with a removable smart transmitter worn above it. Company: Diabetes technology company developing long-duration implantable CGM systems.	Website LinkedIn	Germantown, United States
SensimedEtagnières, Switzerland	Triggerfish	Available	Eye, ear, brain and sensory wearables	Smart contact lens for glaucoma monitoring	Contact lens / eye	Medical	Triggerfish is a smart contact lens for glaucoma monitoring that measures intraocular pressure pattern, ocular dimensional change. Company: Ophthalmic device company known for the Triggerfish smart contact lens sensor.	Website LinkedIn	Etagnières, Switzerland
SensoriaRedmond, United States	Sensoria Smart Socks	Available	Smart textiles, feet, wounds and skin	Running gait smart socks	Foot-worn	ConsumerMedical	Sensoria Smart Socks are consumer-facing smart socks for runners and walkers that use textile pressure sensors to measure cadence, foot landing, impact forces, foot contact, and running form via the Sensoria app. Company: Smart textile company building consumer running smart socks and clinical/developer gait-sensing platforms using textile pressure sensors.	Website LinkedIn	Redmond, United States
SIBIONICSShenzhen, China	SIBIONICS CGM	Available	Metabolic and biochemical wearables	Continuous glucose monitor for diabetes	Skin-worn CGM sensor	ConsumerMedical	SIBIONICS CGM is a skin-worn continuous glucose monitor sold through consumer/retail and professional channels; it tracks real-time glucose for up to 14 days, shows glucose trends in the SIBIONICS app, and provides high/low glucose reminders. Company: Medical technology company focused on continuous glucose monitoring and diabetes-management products for consumer retail and professional glucose-management settings.	Website LinkedIn	Shenzhen, China
SirenSan Francisco, United States	Siren Socks	Available	Smart textiles, feet, wounds and skin	Diabetic foot smart sock	Foot-worn	Medical	Siren Socks is a diabetic foot smart sock that measures foot temperature, inflammation signal. Company: Remote patient monitoring company making temperature-sensing socks for diabetic foot care.	Website LinkedIn	San Francisco, United States
Sky LabsSeongnam, South Korea	CART BP	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Cuffless blood pressure	Finger-worn ring	ConsumerMedical	CART BP is a consumer-available, finger-worn ring blood-pressure monitor that automatically tracks systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate for up to 24-hour monitoring, including nighttime use. CART BP pro is the clinical product family for 24-hour blood-pressure measurement, with CE-MDR certification, UK MHRA registration, national-health-study adoption and clinical-trial or real-world-evidence use positioning reported in 2026. Company: South Korean digital healthcare company developing ring-type cuffless blood-pressure monitoring products for direct-to-consumer and professional hypertension monitoring.	Website LinkedIn	Seongnam, South Korea
Sleep NumberMinneapolis, United States	Sleep Number smart bed / SleepIQ	Available	Sleep and recovery nearables	Smart bed sleep sensing	Bed-integrated / mattress	Consumer	Sleep Number smart beds and SleepIQ capture nightly average heart rate, HRV, breath rate, sleep patterns, movement, and bed-presence context without a worn device. Company: Smart bed company known for adjustable beds, SleepIQ software, and overnight sleep/biosignal insights.	Website LinkedIn	Minneapolis, United States
Sleep.ai / SleepScore LabsCarlsbad, United States	SleepScore Max	Discontinued	Sleep and recovery nearables	Bedside sonar sleep tracker	Bedside / room sensor	Consumer	SleepScore Max was a bedside nearable that used low-power radio waves to measure breathing and movement, with environmental sensing for bedroom light and temperature. Company: Sleep intelligence company formerly known as SleepScore Labs, now offering sleep-science, validation, APIs, and data products.	Website LinkedIn	Carlsbad, United States
SpoonifiedDallas, United States	Spoonified intelligent utensil	In development	Metabolic and biochemical wearables	AI nutrition-tracking utensil	Handheld / utensil	Consumer	Spoonified intelligent utensil is an alpha/waitlist AI-powered spoon/fork system for consumers that uses embedded sensors and software to track food intake, portion size, bite behavior, meal timing, and nutrition without manual logging. Company: Dallas-based digital health startup developing consumer-facing intelligent utensils for passive nutrition tracking, eating-behavior insights, and mindful eating habits.	Website LinkedIn	Dallas, United States
StanfordStanford, United States	Stanford smart bandage	Research	Smart textiles, feet, wounds and skin	Smart bandage	Skin patch / adhesive	Academic / Lab	Stanford smart bandage is a smart bandage that measures wound temperature, wound status, inflammation signal, electrical impedance. Company: Research university developing experimental smart-bandage and bioengineering systems.	Website LinkedIn	Stanford, United States
Stressomic research teamPasadena, United States	Stressomic sweat biosensor	Research	Metabolic and biochemical wearables	Multi-hormone stress wearable	Skin patch / adhesive	Academic / Lab	Stressomic sweat biosensor is a multi-hormone stress wearable that measures cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine. Company: Academic research team behind a wearable sweat biosensor for stress hormones.	Website LinkedIn	Pasadena, United States
Suna HealthLondon, United Kingdom	SUNA	In development	Gut tracking, ingestibles and flatulence	Acoustic digestive-state wearable	Skin-worn adhesive device	ConsumerMedical	SUNA is a compact wearable for gut health and nutrition that continuously listens to gut sounds and uses on-device AI to track digestive-state and nutrition-response patterns. The company says it is a wellness device, not a medical or diagnostic device, with shipping targeted for reservation holders in Q1/Q2 2027. Company: London-based health-tech company developing an AI-native wearable platform for gut health and nutrition.	Website LinkedIn	London, United Kingdom
Swift MedicalToronto, Canada	Swift Ray	Available	Smart textiles, feet, wounds and skin	Portable wound imaging device	Handheld / imaging device	Medical	Swift Ray is a portable wound imaging device used with a mobile/software workflow to visualize bacterial presence, temperature differences, and wound measurements at the point of care; it is an imaging tool, not a skin patch. Company: Wound-care technology company building imaging, documentation, and decision-support tools for wound assessment.	Website LinkedIn	Toronto, Canada
Tandem Diabetes CareSan Diego, United States	t:slim X2 / Mobi with Control-IQ	Available	Therapeutic, drug-delivery and augmentation wearables	Automated insulin pump / controller	Body-worn pump	Medical	t:slim X2 and Tandem Mobi with Control-IQ are body-worn insulin pump/controller systems that use compatible external CGM data to adjust basal insulin and correction boluses; they deliver insulin rather than measuring glucose directly. Company: Diabetes technology company making insulin pumps and automated insulin-delivery systems.	Website LinkedIn	San Diego, United States
The90San Francisco, United States	The90 Gem	Available	Smart textiles, feet, wounds and skin	UV exposure pendant	Neck-worn / pendant	Consumer	The90 Gem is a neck-worn smart jewelry pendant and companion app that tracks real-time UVA and UVB exposure, estimates sunburn windows, and supports personalized sunscreen reapplication and sun-habit guidance. Company: Consumer skin-health wearable company building jewelry-style personal sun-intelligence products for real-time UV exposure awareness.	Website	San Francisco, United States
TrackleBonn, Germany	trackleCatch Zykluscomputer	Available	Intimate, reproductive and femtech wearables	Temperature-based fertility tracker	Intra-vaginal / intimate device	Consumer	trackleCatch Zykluscomputer is a vaginal temperature cycle computer that measures core body temperature overnight to support cycle and ovulation tracking. Company: German fertility technology company building a vaginal temperature sensor and cycle tracking service.	Website LinkedIn	Bonn, Germany
TSIShoreview, United States	Quest Edge / OmniWear	Available	Environmental and occupational exposure wearables	Noise exposure dosimeter	Nearable / environmental	B2B / Workplace	Quest Edge / OmniWear is a noise exposure dosimeter that measures noise dose, sound level, time-weighted noise exposure. Company: Measurement-instrument company making occupational exposure and industrial hygiene monitoring tools.	Website LinkedIn	Shoreview, United States
UC San DiegoSan Diego, United States	Wireless mouthguard sensor	Research	Metabolic and biochemical wearables	Saliva mouthguard biomarkers	Mouth-worn	Academic / Lab	Wireless mouthguard sensor is a saliva-sensing mouthguard that measures salivary lactate, salivary cortisol, salivary uric acid. Company: Research university with wearable biosensor work including mouthguard-based saliva sensing.	Website LinkedIn	San Diego, United States
uHooSingapore, Singapore	Caeli	Available	Environmental and occupational exposure wearables	Indoor air-quality nearable	Nearable / environmental	ConsumerB2B / Workplace	Caeli is uHoo’s newer home indoor air-quality monitor, tracking nine air-quality indicators including temperature, humidity, PM2.5 dust, VOCs, CO2, CO, air pressure, NO2, and ozone, with smart-home integrations. Company: Indoor air-quality monitoring company building connected sensors for homes, schools, offices, and workplace environments.	Website LinkedIn	Singapore, Singapore
uHooSingapore, Singapore	SAM / uHoo Smart Air Monitor	Available	Environmental and occupational exposure wearables	Indoor air-quality nearable	Nearable / environmental	ConsumerB2B / Workplace	SAM, also listed by uHoo as the Smart Air Monitor, is the classic home indoor air-quality monitor that tracks nine essential air-quality factors with app alerts and trend history. Company: Indoor air-quality monitoring company building connected sensors for homes, schools, offices, and workplace environments.	Website LinkedIn	Singapore, Singapore
uHooSingapore, Singapore	Aura	Available	Environmental and occupational exposure wearables	Indoor air-quality nearable	Nearable / environmental	B2B / Workplace	Aura is uHoo’s business indoor environmental quality monitor for offices, schools, and buildings, covering air pollutants plus workplace environment factors such as light and sound. Company: Indoor air-quality monitoring company building connected sensors for homes, schools, offices, and workplace environments.	Website LinkedIn	Singapore, Singapore
UltrahumanBengaluru, India	Ring Air	Available	Mainstream health and fitness wearables	Smart rings	Finger / ring	Unclear	Ring Air is a smart ring that measures heart rate, heart-rate variability, skin temperature, sleep duration, sleep stages. Company: Metabolic and recovery wearable company making smart rings and health-tracking devices.	Website LinkedIn	Bengaluru, India
University of MarylandCollege Park, United States	Smart Underwear / Human Flatus Atlas	Research	Gut tracking, ingestibles and flatulence	Flatulence measurement underwear	Smart textile / clothing	Academic / Lab	Smart Underwear / Human Flatus Atlas is a flatulence measurement underwear that measures flatus hydrogen, gas events. Company: Research university represented here by experimental flatus-sensing smart underwear work.	Website LinkedIn	College Park, United States
Vibrant GastroAustin, United States	Vibrant System	Available	Gut tracking, ingestibles and flatulence	Vibrating constipation capsule	Ingestible capsule	Medical	Vibrant System is a vibrating constipation capsule that delivers timed vibration therapy to stimulate colonic motility and support GI transit response. Company: GI therapeutics company making an ingestible vibrating capsule for chronic constipation.	Website LinkedIn	Austin, United States
Vital SignalsSan Francisco, United States	Signal Ring	In development	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Cuffless blood pressure smart ring	Finger-worn smart ring	ConsumerMedical	Signal Ring is a finger-worn optical wearable designed to provide on-demand and background cuffless blood-pressure readings and MAP trends without baseline cuff calibration. It is currently a preorder, investigational consumer product and is not FDA-reviewed or cleared. Company: San Francisco health-technology company developing consumer-facing blood-pressure monitoring and cardiovascular-health products.	Website LinkedIn	San Francisco, United States
VitalConnectSan Jose, United States	VitalPatch	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Remote patient monitoring patch	Skin patch / adhesive	MedicalB2B / Workplace	VitalPatch is a disposable wearable biosensor patch for remote and in-hospital monitoring of ECG-derived and vital-sign data. Company: Wearable biosensor company providing wireless patient monitoring for inpatient, outpatient, cardiac-monitoring, and pharmaceutical-study settings.	Website LinkedIn	San Jose, United States
VitalthingsTrondheim, Norway	Somnofy	Research	Sleep and recovery nearables	Bedside radar sleep monitor	Bedside / room sensor	B2B / WorkplaceAcademic / Lab	Somnofy is a bedside radar nearable that continuously tracks presence, sleep/wake state, sleep stages, disturbances, movement/restlessness, out-of-bed events, average nightly respiratory rate, and bedroom environment signals including sound, light, pressure, air quality, humidity, and temperature. Company: Norwegian health technology company developing proactive contactless monitoring for sleep, respiratory status, elderly care, hospitals, and home care.	Website LinkedIn	Trondheim, Norway
VivooSan Francisco, United States	FlowPad	In development	Intimate, reproductive and femtech wearables	Hormone-sensing menstrual pad	Intra-vaginal / intimate device	Consumer	FlowPad is Vivoo’s official coming-soon smart sanitary pad concept for women’s health, using microfluidic sample channels to assess biochemical markers such as FSH and vaginal pH. It is not yet shown as a regular orderable product. Company: At-home wellness testing company building app-connected urine, hydration, and women’s health testing products.	Website LinkedIn	San Francisco, United States
VivooSan Francisco, United States	Vivoo Smart Toilet	Available	Metabolic and biochemical wearables	Urine hydration nearable	Smart toilet / bathroom fixture	Consumer	Vivoo Smart Toilet is a pre-order bathroom nearable that measures hydration from urine during normal toilet use and sends real-time hydration results to the Vivoo app without disposable strips. Company: At-home wellness testing company building app-connected urine, hydration, and women’s health testing products.	Website LinkedIn	San Francisco, United States
WahooAtlanta, United States	TRACKR HEART RATE	Available	Mainstream health and fitness wearables	Chest strap heart-rate monitor	Torso / chest-worn	Consumer	TRACKR HEART RATE is Wahoo’s current chest-strap heart-rate monitor, tracking beats per minute during activity and supporting HRV with compatible apps. Company: Sports technology company making heart-rate monitors, cycling computers, smart trainers, sensors, and training hardware.	Website LinkedIn	Atlanta, United States
WahooAtlanta, United States	TICKR FIT	Available	Mainstream health and fitness wearables	Optical heart-rate armband	Upper-arm / armband	Consumer	TICKR FIT is Wahoo’s optical heart-rate armband, worn on the forearm, that provides heart-rate and calorie-burn data via Bluetooth and ANT+ for fitness apps, smartphones, GPS watches, and bike computers. Company: Sports technology company making heart-rate monitors, cycling computers, smart trainers, sensors, and training hardware.	Website LinkedIn	Atlanta, United States
WandercraftParis, France	Atalante X	Available	Therapeutic, drug-delivery and augmentation wearables	Rehabilitation exoskeleton	Exoskeleton / robotic wearable	Medical	Atalante X is a powered rehabilitation exoskeleton used for gait training and robotic walking assistance. Company: Robotics company developing self-balancing walking exoskeletons for rehabilitation and mobility support.	Website LinkedIn	Paris, France
WesperNew York, United States	Wesper Lab / Wesper Lite	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Wearable home sleep apnea test	Skin patch / adhesive	Medical	Wesper Lab and Wesper Lite are provider-led home sleep apnea tests using wearable wireless patches and PPG-based diagnostics to collect respiratory and sleep data at home. This is a medical sleep-testing pathway, not a general consumer wellness wearable. Company: Sleep diagnostics company offering FDA-cleared home sleep apnea testing, provider workflows, and longitudinal sleep apnea care.	Website LinkedIn	New York, United States
WHOOPBoston, United States	WHOOP 5.0 / WHOOP MG	Available	Mainstream health and fitness wearables	Recovery / strain bands	Wrist/arm band	ConsumerMedical	WHOOP 5.0 / WHOOP MG is a recovery and strain band that measures heart rate, heart-rate variability, respiratory rate, sleep duration, sleep stages and related wellness metrics; its Blood Pressure Insights feature should be described conservatively after FDA correspondence. Company: Subscription wearable company focused on recovery, strain, sleep, and performance coaching.	Website LinkedIn	Boston, United States
WillowMountain View, United States	Willow Go	Available	Intimate, reproductive and femtech wearables	Wearable breast pump	Torso / chest-worn	Consumer	Willow Go is a wearable breast pump that measures milk volume, pump session timing. Company: Femtech company making wearable breast pumps and app-connected pumping products.	Website LinkedIn	Mountain View, United States
WithingsIssy-les-Moulineaux, France	Withings Sleep Analyzer	Available	Sleep and recovery nearables	Under-mattress sleep apnea sensor	Under-mattress sensor	Medical	Withings Sleep Analyzer is an under-mattress nearable sensor that tracks sleep, heart rate, snoring, respiratory disturbances, and sleep-apnea-related events without being worn. Company: Connected health company making home health devices, watches, scales, and sleep sensors.	Website LinkedIn	Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
XpanceoDubai, United Arab Emirates	XPANCEO smart contact lens prototypes	In development	Eye, ear, brain and sensory wearables	Next-gen smart contact lens	Contact lens / eye	Unclear	XPANCEO is developing smart contact lens prototypes for AR, power, IOP sensing, and biochemical sensing applications. Company: Deep-tech company developing smart contact lenses and advanced optical/electronic lens platforms.	Website LinkedIn	Dubai, United Arab Emirates
ZenoWellLondon, United Kingdom	ZenoWell Vita / ZenoWell Luna	Available	Therapeutic, drug-delivery and augmentation wearables	Ear-worn vagus nerve stimulation	Ear-worn / hearable	Consumer	ZenoWell Vita and Luna are ear-targeted taVNS devices used in short sessions for sleep, relaxation, and nervous-system regulation. Company: Consumer neurotechnology brand selling non-invasive auricular vagus nerve stimulation devices for sleep, relaxation, stress balance, and recovery.	Website LinkedIn	London, United Kingdom

This market map is a research draft for informational purposes only. Product availability, regulatory status, biomarker claims, company details, and links may change over time and should be independently verified before editorial, clinical, investment, purchasing, or partnership decisions. Nothing here is medical advice or an endorsement of any product or company.