Research

Wearables & NearablesMarket Map

A structured view of the body-data frontier, mapping how wearables, nearables, ingestibles, and therapeutic devices turn physiology, behavior, sleep, movement, and environment into measurable health signals.

11 categories175 products61 biomarkers33 signals

Desired outcome	How and for whom	Relevant biomarkers, signals, and interventions	Products
Detect cardiovascular deterioration early Trigger lifestyle, medication, clinical-review, or escalation decisions before rhythm or blood-pressure risk becomes acute.	Continuous or repeated tracking of rhythm, blood pressure, vascular, and vital-sign patterns to reveal clinically relevant change between appointments. Target group: Adults 40+, people with hypertension or arrhythmia risk, cardiology practices, remote patient monitoring teams.
Improve sleep recovery and flag sleep-disorder risk Help users sleep better, recover more reliably, and identify when sleep-apnea or breathing issues need formal assessment.	Overnight sensing for sleep stages, breathing disturbance, apnea risk, recovery, bedroom context, and sleep-improvement interventions. Target group: Consumers optimizing recovery, sleep clinics, fatigue-focused clinicians, employers, athletes, and people with suspected sleep apnea.
Personalize food, exercise, and medication around metabolic response Reduce glucose volatility, improve metabolic control, and make nutrition or therapy decisions based on individual response data.	Tracking glucose, fuel use, nutrition response, and related metabolic signals to connect meals, exercise, medication, and lifestyle to physiology. Target group: People with diabetes or prediabetes, metabolic-health consumers, longevity clinics, nutrition coaches, and digital therapeutics teams.
Prevent overload and guide recovery behavior Detect stress accumulation early enough to adjust workload, sleep, breathing, recovery routines, or clinical support.	Combining autonomic, endocrine, and neural signals to estimate stress load, relaxation, cognitive effort, and recovery readiness. Target group: High performers, mental-health and stress-management programs, researchers, employers, and wellness consumers.
Reduce fall risk and improve mobility confidence Spot gait decline, balance disruption, or movement symptoms early and support safer walking, rehab progress, or assistive cueing.	Movement and biomechanics sensing for mobility assessment, gait analysis, fall risk, rehabilitation, and assistive cueing. Target group: Older adults, neurological patients, rehabilitation clinics, Parkinson’s programs, sports medicine, and mobility-tech teams.
Support fertility, pregnancy, and hormone-related care decisions Time conception efforts, monitor pregnancy signals, quantify symptoms, or guide reproductive-health conversations with better longitudinal data.	Cycle, fertility, pregnancy, pelvic-floor, lactation, and menopause sensing across intimate, wearable, and nearable products. Target group: Women tracking fertility or cycle health, pregnant patients, menopause programs, pelvic-health clinicians, and femtech platforms.
Prevent dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and heat strain Guide fluid, sodium, rest, and cooling decisions before performance drops or heat exposure becomes unsafe.	Sweat and temperature-linked sensing for fluid loss, electrolyte replacement, heat stress, and performance or workplace safety decisions. Target group: Athletes, military and industrial teams, occupational health programs, coaches, and heat-exposed workers.
Reduce harmful environmental and workplace exposure Identify exposure hotspots and change behavior, workspace design, protective equipment, or policy before cumulative harm builds.	Personal or near-body monitoring of air quality, gases, particulate exposure, noise, and other environmental risks. Target group: Workplace safety teams, people with respiratory sensitivity, urban-health researchers, insurers, and environmental-health programs.
Prevent ulcers and monitor wound healing earlier Detect inflammation, temperature asymmetry, or wound deterioration early enough to intervene before complications escalate.	Local sensing and imaging for foot temperature asymmetry, wound status, infection risk, skin exposure, and healing progression. Target group: Diabetic-foot programs, wound-care teams, dermatology and podiatry clinics, home-care providers, and at-risk older adults.
Deliver or adjust therapy at the right moment Improve symptom control, adherence, safety, or independence by delivering insulin, stimulation, cues, amplification, or robotic assistance when needed.	On-body or near-body systems that deliver, modulate, cue, or log interventions such as insulin, stimulation, audio amplification, and robotic assistance. Target group: Patients using connected therapies, clinicians managing chronic conditions, rehab teams, migraine/pain programs, and assistive-tech users.
Identify digestive triggers and guide GI workups Connect symptoms, food response, gas patterns, pH, pressure, or transit data to diet changes, diagnostics, or clinical treatment decisions.	Breath, ingestible, and digestive sensing for gas profiles, pH, pressure, temperature, transit, fermentation, and symptom context. Target group: GI clinics, digestive-health consumers, food-intolerance programs, motility specialists, and microbiome or nutrition researchers.


Wearables that monitor cardiovascular, neurological, respiratory, and clinical safety signals for diagnosis, screening, or remote patient monitoring.	Cardiovascular and vascularRespiratory and sleepNeurological and neuromuscularMusculoskeletal and biomechanicsSkin, wound, and dermatology	AFib / arrhythmia indicationblood pressureblood pressure trendscuff diastolic blood pressurecuff systolic blood pressurediastolic blood pressureECG waveformfall eventsheart rateheart rhythmlung functionnon-invasive blood pressureoxygen saturation / SpO2peripheral arterial tonePPG pulse waveformPPG waveformpulse ratesystolic blood pressureweightactigraphyHappy Health Apnea Hypopnea Index / hAHIrespiration raterespiratory ratesleep apnea eventssleep durationtotal sleep timebradykinesiaconvulsive seizure eventsdyskinesiaelectrodermal activitymedication response patternstremoractivitymotionmovementposturesteps/activityskin temperature	14
Personal or near-body devices that quantify environmental exposures such as air quality, noise, temperature, and workplace hazards.	Environmental exposure	ambient temperaturebarometric pressurecarbon dioxidehumiditynoise doseNOxparticulate matterradonsound leveltime-weighted noise exposureVOCs	3
Head, eye, ear, and brain interfaces that capture neural, ocular, auditory, camera, or interaction signals.	Cardiovascular and vascularRespiratory and sleepNeurological and neuromuscularSensory, imaging, and interaction signalsTherapeutic output and device control	heart ratePPG waveformsleep architecturesleep stagesbody positioncognitive effortEEGEMGEOGfNIRS cerebral hemodynamic signalhead movementneurofeedback stateaudio environmentintraocular pressure patternocular dimensional changeaudio amplification	7
Ingestible, breath, and textile-based products that measure gut gases, GI conditions, transit, imaging, or digestive responses.	Metabolic and biochemicalSensory, imaging, and interaction signalsTherapeutic output and device control	breath hydrogenbreath methanefermentation responseflatus hydrogengas eventsGI pHGI pressureGI temperatureGI transit responsegut carbon dioxidegut hydrogengut methanegut oxygentransit timeGI camera imagesvibration therapy	6
Body-worn or intimate devices focused on fertility, pregnancy, pelvic floor, lactation, menstrual, and menopause-related physiology.	Cardiovascular and vascularRespiratory and sleepMetabolic and biochemicalReproductive and hormonalSkin, wound, and dermatology	heart-rate variabilityresting pulsebreathing ratesleep durationcervical fluid electrolytesmenstrual fluid hormone signalcore body temperaturefertile windowfertile-window signalFSHovulation temperature shiftperfusionvaginal pHskin temperature	4
Consumer watches, rings, straps, and garments that continuously track general health, recovery, sleep, and fitness physiology.			20
Wearables and near-body sensors that quantify glucose, sweat, breath, saliva, hormones, nutrition, and other biochemical or metabolic signals.	Metabolic and biochemical	hydration recommendationhydration statusurine hydrationurine specific gravity	1
Foot, leg, and body-worn systems that assess gait, balance, walking patterns, mobility disruption, and movement support.			1
Bed-integrated, under-mattress, bedside, and room-based systems that monitor sleep, recovery, breathing, overnight physiology, or clinical bed status without being worn on the body.	Cardiovascular and vascularRespiratory and sleepMusculoskeletal and biomechanics	heart raterespiratory ratesleep apnea eventssleep durationsleep stagessnoringbed presencemovement	1
Smart garments, socks, insoles, patches, and imaging tools focused on skin, feet, wounds, pressure, UV, and textile-based sensing.			11
Wearable systems that deliver therapy, stimulation, insulin, robotic assistance, haptics, or device-control output.			24

BiomarkerSignalIntervention
actigraphy	Respiratory and sleep	Well-established consumer	Device-dependent validation	movement counts / epoch	Overnight / daily	Sleep and rest/activity pattern inferred from small body movements, usually from wrist, finger, or sleep-test sensors. Examples: breathing-rate time series, movement-derived sleep window, oxygen desaturation pattern.	Sleep quality, sleep-disordered breathing screening, respiratory trend monitoring, and recovery or fatigue interpretation.
activity	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Well-established consumer	Product-dependent evidence	count, speed, force, or pattern	Continuous / repeated	Body movement, position, posture, or activity intensity from inertial sensors and wearable algorithms. Examples: accelerometer/gyroscope pattern, plantar-pressure map, step timing sequence.	Gait assessment, rehab progress, mobility risk context, sports technique feedback, and assistive device control. Examples: fall-risk context, Parkinsonian gait cueing, rehab progress.
AFib / arrhythmia indication	Cardiovascular and vascular	Derived / proxy	Clinical / regulated use	rhythm class / waveform	Product-dependent	An algorithmic rhythm finding derived from ECG waveform or continuous pulse/rhythm data, indicating possible atrial fibrillation or another arrhythmia pattern. Examples: multi-day adhesive ECG patch, single-lead smartwatch ECG, six-lead handheld ECG.	Rhythm documentation, AFib/arrhythmia screening, ambulatory cardiac diagnostics, and escalation to clinical review when a trace is suspicious. Examples: AFib screening, ambulatory arrhythmia workup, clinician-review trace.
ambient temperature	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	deg C	Continuous / repeated	Air temperature near the person or workplace environment, captured by a personal or nearable exposure monitor. Examples: ambient air temperature near the wearer, indoor or workplace temperature trend.	Heat/cold exposure context, workplace safety interpretation, indoor-air-quality context, and environmental risk attribution. Examples: heat/cold exposure context, indoor-air action, workplace safety.
audio amplification	Therapeutic output and device control	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-regulated output	score / category	Session / event-based	A device output that amplifies and shapes sound for the wearer, usually tuned for mild-to-moderate hearing support.	Hearing support, speech audibility, situational awareness, and verification that the glasses are delivering an amplification setting rather than measuring a health biomarker.
audio environment	Sensory, imaging, and interaction signals	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	dB or audio class	Session / event-based	Ambient sound context around the wearer, such as loudness, speech/noise class, or audio-scene category.	Hands-free interaction, hearing or context-aware features, environmental audio awareness, and AI assistant input.
barometric pressure	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	count, speed, force, or pattern	Continuous / repeated	Mechanical load, pressure, or force on a sensor surface, such as foot pressure, pelvic-floor force, GI capsule pressure, or haptic force. Examples: indoor radon/VOC level, occupational noise dose, personal air-quality reading.	Personal exposure logging, workplace compliance, indoor-air-quality action, and environmental risk attribution. Examples: exposure attribution, indoor-air action, workplace compliance.
bed presence	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	present / absent	Product-dependent	Whether a person is present in bed, inferred from pressure, motion, radar, or under-mattress sensor signals.	Caregiver safety workflows, bed-exit alerts, adherence/context checks, and distinguishing in-bed sleep data from out-of-bed periods.
blood pressure	Cardiovascular and vascular	Emerging / context-dependent	Clinical / regulated use	mmHg	Continuous / repeated	Systolic/diastolic arterial pressure, either cuff-based or estimated continuously/cufflessly from optical and timing signals. Examples: cuffless optical pulse-wave estimate, inflatable wrist cuff pressure, nighttime BP trend.	Hypertension tracking, medication/lifestyle response, nighttime BP patterns, and cardiovascular risk management without repeated cuff readings. Examples: hypertension follow-up, medication response, nocturnal BP monitoring.
blood pressure trends	Cardiovascular and vascular	Emerging / context-dependent	Clinical / regulated use	mmHg	Continuous / repeated	Systolic/diastolic arterial pressure, either cuff-based or estimated continuously/cufflessly from optical and timing signals. Examples: cuffless optical pulse-wave estimate, inflatable wrist cuff pressure, nighttime BP trend.	Hypertension tracking, medication/lifestyle response, nighttime BP patterns, and cardiovascular risk management without repeated cuff readings. Examples: hypertension follow-up, medication response, nocturnal BP monitoring.
body position	Neurological and neuromuscular	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	Body movement, position, posture, or activity intensity from inertial sensors and wearable algorithms.	Neurological monitoring, movement-disorder assessment, brain/body interface control, sleep staging, cognitive load, or neuromodulation feedback.
bradykinesia	Neurological and neuromuscular	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	score, severity, or event state	Continuous / repeated	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing.	Neurological monitoring, movement-disorder assessment, brain/body interface control, sleep staging, cognitive load, or neuromodulation feedback.
breath hydrogen	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	ppm or %	Continuous / repeated	Gas concentration or event signal from breath, ingestible capsules, or flatus sensing, especially hydrogen, methane, oxygen, or carbon dioxide. Examples: breath hydrogen/methane, GI gas concentration profile, ingestible gas capsule reading.	Food intolerance workups, GI motility assessment, fermentation response, capsule diagnostics, and digestive-behavior feedback. Examples: fermentation response, food intolerance assessment, motility testing.
breath methane	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	ppm or %	Continuous / repeated	Gas concentration or event signal from breath, ingestible capsules, or flatus sensing, especially hydrogen, methane, oxygen, or carbon dioxide. Examples: breath hydrogen/methane, GI gas concentration profile, ingestible gas capsule reading.	Food intolerance workups, GI motility assessment, fermentation response, capsule diagnostics, and digestive-behavior feedback. Examples: fermentation response, food intolerance assessment, motility testing.
breathing rate	Respiratory and sleep	Well-established consumer	Product-dependent evidence	per minute	Spot check / episode	Breaths per minute or breathing-pattern signal from chest motion, impedance, ECG-derived respiration, or wearable algorithms. Examples: breathing-rate time series, movement-derived sleep window, oxygen desaturation pattern.	Sleep apnea screening, respiratory compromise detection, cardiorespiratory trend monitoring, and recovery/sleep interpretation. Examples: recovery coaching, sleep apnea screening, sleep-stage scoring.
carbon dioxide	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	ppm or %	Continuous / repeated	An exposure level or environmental event near the wearer, such as air quality, gas, sound, odor, temperature, or workplace dose.	Exposure attribution, occupational safety, indoor-air decisions, environmental behavior change, and compliance documentation.
cervical fluid electrolytes	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Emerging / research-heavy	concentration	Product-dependent	Electrolyte concentration or sodium loss, commonly from sweat patches and, in fertility products, cervical-fluid conductivity. Examples: electrolyte concentration, sodium loss, sweat rate.	Hydration planning, electrolyte replacement, heat-risk prevention, athlete fueling, and occupational safety decisions. Examples: athlete fueling, fluid replacement, heat-risk prevention.
cognitive effort	Neurological and neuromuscular	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing. Examples: in-ear EEG electrodes, muscle activation waveform, scalp EEG channels.	Sleep staging, seizure/movement-disorder monitoring, brain-computer interfaces, cognitive workload tracking, neuromodulation targeting, or relaxation feedback. Examples: brain-computer interface control, seizure detection, sleep staging.
convulsive seizure events	Neurological and neuromuscular	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	event / state	Session / event-based	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing.	Sleep staging, seizure/movement-disorder monitoring, brain-computer interfaces, cognitive workload tracking, neuromodulation targeting, or relaxation feedback. Examples: brain-computer interface control, seizure detection, sleep staging.
core body temperature	Reproductive and hormonal	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	deg C	Continuous / repeated	Continuous or repeated core/vaginal temperature trend used as a reproductive or ovulation-related physiological signal. Examples: overnight core/vaginal temperature trend, ovulation-related temperature shift.	Ovulation estimation, fertile-window timing, cycle-context interpretation, and reproductive-health trend tracking. Examples: cycle-context tracking, fertile-window estimate, ovulation timing.
cuff diastolic blood pressure	Cardiovascular and vascular	Emerging / context-dependent	Clinical / regulated use	mmHg	Continuous / repeated	Systolic/diastolic arterial pressure, either cuff-based or estimated continuously/cufflessly from optical and timing signals. Examples: cuffless optical pulse-wave estimate, inflatable wrist cuff pressure, nighttime BP trend.	Hypertension tracking, medication/lifestyle response, nighttime BP patterns, and cardiovascular risk management without repeated cuff readings. Examples: hypertension follow-up, medication response, nocturnal BP monitoring.
cuff systolic blood pressure	Cardiovascular and vascular	Emerging / context-dependent	Clinical / regulated use	mmHg	Continuous / repeated	Systolic/diastolic arterial pressure, either cuff-based or estimated continuously/cufflessly from optical and timing signals. Examples: cuffless optical pulse-wave estimate, inflatable wrist cuff pressure, nighttime BP trend.	Hypertension tracking, medication/lifestyle response, nighttime BP patterns, and cardiovascular risk management without repeated cuff readings. Examples: hypertension follow-up, medication response, nocturnal BP monitoring.
diastolic blood pressure	Cardiovascular and vascular	Emerging / context-dependent	Clinical / regulated use	mmHg	Continuous / repeated	Systolic/diastolic arterial pressure, either cuff-based or estimated continuously/cufflessly from optical and timing signals. Examples: cuffless optical pulse-wave estimate, inflatable wrist cuff pressure, nighttime BP trend.	Hypertension tracking, medication/lifestyle response, nighttime BP patterns, and cardiovascular risk management without repeated cuff readings. Examples: hypertension follow-up, medication response, nocturnal BP monitoring.
dyskinesia	Neurological and neuromuscular	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	score, severity, or event state	Continuous / repeated	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing.	Neurological monitoring, movement-disorder assessment, brain/body interface control, sleep staging, cognitive load, or neuromodulation feedback.
ECG waveform	Cardiovascular and vascular	Clinical-grade	Clinical / regulated use	waveform / derived metric	Spot check / episode	A time-series electrical heart trace, usually single-lead in watches/handhelds or multi-day ambulatory ECG in patches. Examples: multi-day adhesive ECG patch, single-lead smartwatch ECG, six-lead handheld ECG.	Rhythm documentation, AFib/arrhythmia screening, ambulatory cardiac diagnostics, and escalation to clinical review when a trace is suspicious. Examples: AFib screening, ambulatory arrhythmia workup, clinician-review trace.
EEG	Neurological and neuromuscular	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	waveform / derived metric	Continuous / repeated	Brain electrical activity from scalp, forehead, headband, in-ear, or cap electrodes. Examples: in-ear EEG electrodes, muscle activation waveform, scalp EEG channels.	Sleep staging, seizure/movement-disorder monitoring, brain-computer interfaces, cognitive workload tracking, neuromodulation targeting, or relaxation feedback. Examples: brain-computer interface control, seizure detection, sleep staging.
electrodermal activity	Neurological and neuromuscular	Well-established consumer	Product-dependent evidence	count, speed, force, or pattern	Continuous / repeated	Body movement, position, posture, or activity intensity from inertial sensors and wearable algorithms. Examples: accelerometer/gyroscope pattern, plantar-pressure map, step timing sequence.	Neurological monitoring, movement-disorder assessment, brain/body interface control, sleep staging, cognitive load, or neuromodulation feedback. Examples: fall-risk context, Parkinsonian gait cueing, rehab progress.
EMG	Neurological and neuromuscular	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	waveform / derived metric	Continuous / repeated	Muscle electrical activation from wrist, face, ear, limb, or body electrodes. Examples: in-ear EEG electrodes, muscle activation waveform, scalp EEG channels.	Sleep staging, seizure/movement-disorder monitoring, brain-computer interfaces, cognitive workload tracking, neuromodulation targeting, or relaxation feedback. Examples: brain-computer interface control, seizure detection, sleep staging.
EOG	Neurological and neuromuscular	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	waveform / derived metric	Continuous / repeated	Eye-movement electrical potential, often captured alongside EEG/EMG in sleep or neurotechnology devices. Examples: in-ear EEG electrodes, muscle activation waveform, scalp EEG channels.	Sleep staging, seizure/movement-disorder monitoring, brain-computer interfaces, cognitive workload tracking, neuromodulation targeting, or relaxation feedback. Examples: brain-computer interface control, seizure detection, sleep staging.
fall events	Cardiovascular and vascular	Derived / proxy	Device-dependent validation	event / state	Session / event-based	A detected fall-like motion event from accelerometer/gyroscope patterns and posture change.	Cardiac risk context, rhythm review, vascular trend tracking, recovery interpretation, and escalation to clinical review where appropriate.
fermentation response	Metabolic and biochemical	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	Gas concentration or event signal from breath, ingestible capsules, or flatus sensing, especially hydrogen, methane, oxygen, or carbon dioxide. Examples: breath hydrogen/methane, GI gas concentration profile, ingestible gas capsule reading.	Food intolerance workups, GI motility assessment, fermentation response, capsule diagnostics, and digestive-behavior feedback. Examples: fermentation response, food intolerance assessment, motility testing.
fertile window	Reproductive and hormonal	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	date window / probability	Overnight / daily	A fertility, cycle, pregnancy, pelvic-floor, lactation, menstrual, or menopause-related state or analyte.	Fertility-window estimation, pregnancy surveillance, pelvic-floor training, menstrual tracking, lactation support, and menopause symptom monitoring. Examples: fertile-window estimate, menopause symptom tracking, pregnancy monitoring.
fertile-window signal	Reproductive and hormonal	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	date window / probability	Overnight / daily	A fertility, cycle, pregnancy, pelvic-floor, lactation, menstrual, or menopause-related state or analyte.	Fertility-window estimation, pregnancy surveillance, pelvic-floor training, menstrual tracking, lactation support, and menopause symptom monitoring. Examples: fertile-window estimate, menopause symptom tracking, pregnancy monitoring.
flatus hydrogen	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	ppm or %	Continuous / repeated	Gas concentration or event signal from breath, ingestible capsules, or flatus sensing, especially hydrogen, methane, oxygen, or carbon dioxide. Examples: breath hydrogen/methane, GI gas concentration profile, ingestible gas capsule reading.	Food intolerance workups, GI motility assessment, fermentation response, capsule diagnostics, and digestive-behavior feedback. Examples: fermentation response, food intolerance assessment, motility testing.
fNIRS cerebral hemodynamic signal	Neurological and neuromuscular	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing.	Neurological monitoring, movement-disorder assessment, brain/body interface control, sleep staging, cognitive load, or neuromodulation feedback.
FSH	Reproductive and hormonal	Experimental / research	Emerging / research-heavy	concentration or panel	Product-dependent	A fertility, cycle, pregnancy, pelvic-floor, lactation, menstrual, or menopause-related state or analyte.	Fertility-window estimation, pregnancy surveillance, pelvic-floor training, menstrual tracking, lactation support, and menopause symptom monitoring. Examples: fertile-window estimate, menopause symptom tracking, pregnancy monitoring.
gas events	Metabolic and biochemical	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	event / state	Session / event-based	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing. Examples: breath hydrogen/methane, GI gas concentration profile, ingestible gas capsule reading.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
GI camera images	Sensory, imaging, and interaction signals	Clinical-grade	Clinical / regulated use	image / area	Spot check / episode	Image-derived data from optical, thermal, capsule-camera, or fluorescence capture. Examples: image-derived feature, optical image frame.	Food intolerance workups, GI motility assessment, fermentation response, capsule diagnostics, and digestive-behavior feedback. Examples: fermentation response, food intolerance assessment, motility testing.
GI pH	Metabolic and biochemical	Clinical-grade	Clinical / regulated use	pH	Spot check / episode	Acidity/alkalinity inside the GI tract, often used by motility capsules to identify transit through GI segments. Examples: GI capsule pH trace, motility capsule pH profile.	GI transit landmarking, motility testing, capsule diagnostics, and digestive symptom workups. Examples: capsule diagnostics, GI transit landmarking, motility testing.
GI pressure	Metabolic and biochemical	Clinical-grade	Clinical / regulated use	count, speed, force, or pattern	Spot check / episode	Mechanical load, pressure, or force on a sensor surface, such as foot pressure, pelvic-floor force, GI capsule pressure, or haptic force. Examples: breath hydrogen/methane, GI gas concentration profile, ingestible gas capsule reading.	Food intolerance workups, GI motility assessment, fermentation response, capsule diagnostics, and digestive-behavior feedback. Examples: fermentation response, food intolerance assessment, motility testing.
GI temperature	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	deg C	Continuous / repeated	Temperature inside the gastrointestinal tract, captured by an ingestible capsule as part of a transit or motility profile. Examples: GI transit temperature profile, ingestible capsule temperature trace.	GI transit and motility interpretation alongside capsule pressure, pH, and gas patterns. Examples: capsule diagnostics, GI transit interpretation, motility testing.
GI transit response	Metabolic and biochemical	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing. Examples: breath hydrogen/methane, GI gas concentration profile, ingestible gas capsule reading.	Food intolerance workups, GI motility assessment, fermentation response, capsule diagnostics, and digestive-behavior feedback. Examples: fermentation response, food intolerance assessment, motility testing.
gut carbon dioxide	Metabolic and biochemical	Well-established consumer	Product-dependent evidence	ppm or %	Continuous / repeated	Gas concentration or event signal from breath, ingestible capsules, or flatus sensing, especially hydrogen, methane, oxygen, or carbon dioxide.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
gut hydrogen	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	ppm or %	Continuous / repeated	Gas concentration or event signal from breath, ingestible capsules, or flatus sensing, especially hydrogen, methane, oxygen, or carbon dioxide. Examples: breath hydrogen/methane, GI gas concentration profile, ingestible gas capsule reading.	Food intolerance workups, GI motility assessment, fermentation response, capsule diagnostics, and digestive-behavior feedback. Examples: fermentation response, food intolerance assessment, motility testing.
gut methane	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	ppm or %	Continuous / repeated	Gas concentration or event signal from breath, ingestible capsules, or flatus sensing, especially hydrogen, methane, oxygen, or carbon dioxide. Examples: breath hydrogen/methane, GI gas concentration profile, ingestible gas capsule reading.	Food intolerance workups, GI motility assessment, fermentation response, capsule diagnostics, and digestive-behavior feedback. Examples: fermentation response, food intolerance assessment, motility testing.
gut oxygen	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	ppm or %	Continuous / repeated	Gas concentration or event signal from breath, ingestible capsules, or flatus sensing, especially hydrogen, methane, oxygen, or carbon dioxide.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
Happy Health Apnea Hypopnea Index / hAHI	Respiratory and sleep	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Overnight / daily	A breathing, oxygenation, sleep, or overnight physiology measure inferred from motion, optical, respiratory, or electrophysiology sensors. Examples: breathing-rate time series, movement-derived sleep window, oxygen desaturation pattern.	Sleep apnea screening, respiratory compromise detection, cardiorespiratory trend monitoring, and recovery/sleep interpretation. Examples: recovery coaching, sleep apnea screening, sleep-stage scoring.
head movement	Neurological and neuromuscular	Well-established consumer	Product-dependent evidence	pattern, count, or state	Product-dependent	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing.	Neurological monitoring, movement-disorder assessment, brain/body interface control, sleep staging, cognitive load, or neuromodulation feedback.
heart rate	Cardiovascular and vascular	Well-established consumer	Device-dependent validation	per minute	Continuous / repeated	Beats per minute, captured directly from ECG or estimated from optical pulse sensors during rest, sleep, and activity. Examples: finger pulse waveform, green/red/infrared optical sensing, ring or watch optical pulse intervals.	Readiness/recovery scoring, training load, stress/autonomic trends, sleep context, and basic vital-sign monitoring. Examples: recovery score, training load, vital-sign trend.
heart rhythm	Cardiovascular and vascular	Clinical-grade	Clinical / regulated use	rhythm class / waveform	Continuous / repeated	A cardiovascular measure or derived cardiac/vascular state, usually interpreted from ECG, optical pulse, pressure, or rhythm algorithms. Examples: multi-day adhesive ECG patch, single-lead smartwatch ECG, six-lead handheld ECG.	Rhythm documentation, AFib/arrhythmia screening, ambulatory cardiac diagnostics, and escalation to clinical review when a trace is suspicious. Examples: AFib screening, ambulatory arrhythmia workup, clinician-review trace.
heart-rate variability	Cardiovascular and vascular	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	ms	Continuous / repeated	Beat-to-beat timing variation, usually derived from ECG R-R intervals or high-quality optical pulse intervals.	Readiness/recovery scoring, training load, stress/autonomic trends, sleep context, and basic vital-sign monitoring. Examples: recovery score, training load, vital-sign trend.
humidity	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	ppm, ug/m3, dB, %, or dose	Continuous / repeated	Personal environmental exposure near the wearer, such as air pollutants, radon, humidity, sound level, or occupational noise dose. Examples: indoor radon/VOC level, occupational noise dose, personal air-quality reading.	Personal exposure logging, workplace compliance, indoor-air-quality action, and environmental risk attribution. Examples: exposure attribution, indoor-air action, workplace compliance.
hydration recommendation	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Emerging / research-heavy	score / category	Continuous / repeated	Sweat volume/rate plus inferred fluid loss and hydration state during training, heat, or work exposure. Examples: electrolyte concentration, sodium loss, sweat rate.	Hydration planning, electrolyte replacement, heat-risk prevention, athlete fueling, and occupational safety decisions. Examples: athlete fueling, fluid replacement, heat-risk prevention.
hydration status	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Emerging / research-heavy	score / category	Continuous / repeated	Sweat volume/rate plus inferred fluid loss and hydration state during training, heat, or work exposure. Examples: electrolyte concentration, sodium loss, sweat rate.	Hydration planning, electrolyte replacement, heat-risk prevention, athlete fueling, and occupational safety decisions. Examples: athlete fueling, fluid replacement, heat-risk prevention.
intraocular pressure pattern	Sensory, imaging, and interaction signals	Derived / proxy	Clinical / regulated use	count, speed, force, or pattern	Spot check / episode	Mechanical load, pressure, or force on a sensor surface, such as foot pressure, pelvic-floor force, GI capsule pressure, or haptic force.	Interface control, assistant input, sensory augmentation, visual/audio capture, and context-aware wearable features.
lung function	Cardiovascular and vascular	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A cardiovascular measure or derived cardiac/vascular state, usually interpreted from ECG, optical pulse, pressure, or rhythm algorithms.	Cardiac risk context, rhythm review, vascular trend tracking, recovery interpretation, and escalation to clinical review where appropriate.
medication response patterns	Neurological and neuromuscular	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score, severity, or event state	Product-dependent	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing.	Neurological monitoring, movement-disorder assessment, brain/body interface control, sleep staging, cognitive load, or neuromodulation feedback.
menstrual fluid hormone signal	Metabolic and biochemical	Experimental / research	Emerging / research-heavy	concentration	Spot check / episode	Reproductive or lactation flow/volume signal, such as menstrual fill level, menstrual biomarkers, milk volume, or pump session timing. Examples: interstitial-fluid analyte trend, saliva hormone concentration, sweat molecular signal.	Fertility-window estimation, pregnancy surveillance, pelvic-floor training, menstrual tracking, lactation support, and menopause symptom monitoring. Examples: fertile-window estimate, menopause symptom tracking, pregnancy monitoring.
motion	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Well-established consumer	Product-dependent evidence	count, speed, force, or pattern	Continuous / repeated	Body movement, position, posture, or activity intensity from inertial sensors and wearable algorithms. Examples: accelerometer/gyroscope pattern, plantar-pressure map, step timing sequence.	Gait assessment, rehab progress, mobility risk context, sports technique feedback, and assistive device control.
movement	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Well-established consumer	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A movement, force, gait, balance, posture, or interaction pattern measured by motion sensors, pressure sensors, footwear, or robotic systems.	Gait assessment, rehab progress, mobility risk context, sports technique feedback, and assistive device control.
neurofeedback state	Neurological and neuromuscular	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	score, severity, or event state	Product-dependent	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing.	Sleep staging, seizure/movement-disorder monitoring, brain-computer interfaces, cognitive workload tracking, neuromodulation targeting, or relaxation feedback. Examples: brain-computer interface control, seizure detection, sleep staging.
noise dose	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	event / state	Continuous / repeated	Personal environmental exposure near the wearer, such as air pollutants, radon, humidity, sound level, or occupational noise dose. Examples: indoor radon/VOC level, occupational noise dose, personal air-quality reading.	Personal exposure logging, workplace compliance, indoor-air-quality action, and environmental risk attribution. Examples: exposure attribution, indoor-air action, workplace compliance.
non-invasive blood pressure	Cardiovascular and vascular	Emerging / context-dependent	Clinical / regulated use	mmHg	Continuous / repeated	Systolic/diastolic arterial pressure, either cuff-based or estimated continuously/cufflessly from optical and timing signals. Examples: cuffless optical pulse-wave estimate, inflatable wrist cuff pressure, nighttime BP trend.	Hypertension tracking, medication/lifestyle response, nighttime BP patterns, and cardiovascular risk management without repeated cuff readings. Examples: hypertension follow-up, medication response, nocturnal BP monitoring.
NOx	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	ppm, ug/m3, dB, %, or dose	Continuous / repeated	Personal environmental exposure near the wearer, such as air pollutants, radon, humidity, sound level, or occupational noise dose. Examples: indoor radon/VOC level, occupational noise dose, personal air-quality reading.	Personal exposure logging, workplace compliance, indoor-air-quality action, and environmental risk attribution. Examples: exposure attribution, indoor-air action, workplace compliance.
ocular dimensional change	Sensory, imaging, and interaction signals	Experimental / research	Product-dependent evidence	dimensional change	Product-dependent	A camera, audio, display, ocular, hearing, or interaction signal used by a sensory or interface wearable.	Interface control, assistant input, sensory augmentation, visual/audio capture, and context-aware wearable features.
ovulation temperature shift	Reproductive and hormonal	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	deg C	Continuous / repeated	The cycle-related temperature shift used to estimate ovulation timing or fertile-window context. Examples: overnight core/vaginal temperature trend, ovulation-related temperature shift.	Ovulation estimation, fertile-window timing, cycle-context interpretation, and reproductive-health trend tracking. Examples: cycle-context tracking, fertile-window estimate, ovulation timing.
oxygen saturation / SpO2	Cardiovascular and vascular	Clinical-grade	Clinical / regulated use	%	Continuous / repeated	Peripheral oxygen saturation estimated from red/infrared optical absorption at the finger, wrist, or ring. Examples: finger pulse waveform, green/red/infrared optical sensing, ring or watch optical pulse intervals.	Sleep apnea screening, respiratory compromise detection, cardiorespiratory trend monitoring, and recovery/sleep interpretation. Examples: recovery coaching, sleep apnea screening, sleep-stage scoring.
particulate matter	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	ppm, ug/m3, dB, %, or dose	Continuous / repeated	Personal environmental exposure near the wearer, such as air pollutants, radon, humidity, sound level, or occupational noise dose. Examples: indoor radon/VOC level, occupational noise dose, personal air-quality reading.	Personal exposure logging, workplace compliance, indoor-air-quality action, and environmental risk attribution. Examples: exposure attribution, indoor-air action, workplace compliance.
perfusion	Reproductive and hormonal	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	perfusion index	Continuous / repeated	A fertility, cycle, pregnancy, pelvic-floor, lactation, menstrual, or menopause-related state or analyte.	Fertility estimation, pregnancy monitoring, cycle tracking, pelvic-floor training, lactation support, or menopause symptom tracking.
peripheral arterial tone	Cardiovascular and vascular	Clinical-grade	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	Finger arterial tone changes captured by a probe to infer vascular response during sleep and respiratory events. Examples: finger pulse waveform, green/red/infrared optical sensing, ring or watch optical pulse intervals.	Cardiac risk context, rhythm review, vascular trend tracking, recovery interpretation, and escalation to clinical review where appropriate.
posture	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Well-established consumer	Product-dependent evidence	count, speed, force, or pattern	Product-dependent	Body movement, position, posture, or activity intensity from inertial sensors and wearable algorithms. Examples: accelerometer/gyroscope pattern, plantar-pressure map, step timing sequence.	Gait assessment, rehab progress, mobility risk context, sports technique feedback, and assistive device control. Examples: fall-risk context, Parkinsonian gait cueing, rehab progress.
PPG pulse waveform	Cardiovascular and vascular	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	waveform / derived metric	Product-dependent	A reflected-light pulse waveform from LEDs and photodiodes, used to derive pulse timing and vascular changes at the skin. Examples: finger pulse waveform, green/red/infrared optical sensing, ring or watch optical pulse intervals.	Cardiac risk context, rhythm review, vascular trend tracking, recovery interpretation, and escalation to clinical review where appropriate. Examples: recovery score, training load, vital-sign trend.
PPG waveform	Cardiovascular and vascular	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	waveform / derived metric	Product-dependent	A reflected-light pulse waveform from LEDs and photodiodes, used to derive pulse timing and vascular changes at the skin. Examples: finger pulse waveform, green/red/infrared optical sensing, ring or watch optical pulse intervals.	Cardiac risk context, rhythm review, vascular trend tracking, recovery interpretation, and escalation to clinical review where appropriate.
pulse rate	Cardiovascular and vascular	Well-established consumer	Device-dependent validation	per minute	Product-dependent	Beats per minute, captured directly from ECG or estimated from optical pulse sensors during rest, sleep, and activity. Examples: finger pulse waveform, green/red/infrared optical sensing, ring or watch optical pulse intervals.	Readiness/recovery scoring, training load, stress/autonomic trends, sleep context, and basic vital-sign monitoring. Examples: recovery score, training load, vital-sign trend.
radon	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	ppm, ug/m3, dB, %, or dose	Continuous / repeated	Personal environmental exposure near the wearer, such as air pollutants, radon, humidity, sound level, or occupational noise dose. Examples: indoor radon/VOC level, occupational noise dose, personal air-quality reading.	Personal exposure logging, workplace compliance, indoor-air-quality action, and environmental risk attribution. Examples: exposure attribution, indoor-air action, workplace compliance.
respiration rate	Respiratory and sleep	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A breathing, oxygenation, sleep, or overnight physiology measure inferred from motion, optical, respiratory, or electrophysiology sensors.	Sleep quality, sleep-disordered breathing screening, respiratory trend monitoring, and recovery or fatigue interpretation.
respiratory rate	Respiratory and sleep	Well-established consumer	Device-dependent validation	per minute	Continuous / repeated	Breaths per minute or breathing-pattern signal from chest motion, impedance, ECG-derived respiration, or wearable algorithms. Examples: breathing-rate time series, movement-derived sleep window, oxygen desaturation pattern.	Sleep apnea screening, respiratory compromise detection, cardiorespiratory trend monitoring, and recovery/sleep interpretation. Examples: recovery coaching, sleep apnea screening, sleep-stage scoring.
resting pulse	Cardiovascular and vascular	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	per minute	Product-dependent	Beats per minute, captured directly from ECG or estimated from optical pulse sensors during rest, sleep, and activity. Examples: finger pulse waveform, green/red/infrared optical sensing, ring or watch optical pulse intervals.	Baseline cardiovascular trend tracking, recovery context, illness/stress indication, and fertility or cycle-context algorithms. Examples: recovery score, training load, vital-sign trend.
skin temperature	Skin, wound, and dermatology	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	deg C	Continuous / repeated	Peripheral skin temperature trend from a watch, ring, patch, sock, or other body-worn sensor. Examples: distal skin temperature trend, overnight skin-temperature deviation.	Recovery/sleep interpretation, illness or strain context, circadian trend tracking, and local skin/foot monitoring depending on placement. Examples: circadian trend, illness or strain signal, recovery context.
sleep apnea events	Respiratory and sleep	Derived / proxy	Clinical / regulated use	event / state	Overnight / daily	Sleep-breathing event pattern, typically combining oximetry, pulse, actigraphy, and peripheral arterial tone. Examples: breathing-rate time series, movement-derived sleep window, oxygen desaturation pattern.	Sleep apnea screening, respiratory compromise detection, cardiorespiratory trend monitoring, and recovery/sleep interpretation. Examples: recovery coaching, sleep apnea screening, sleep-stage scoring.
sleep architecture	Respiratory and sleep	Derived / proxy	Device-dependent validation	event / state	Overnight / daily	Sleep duration, staging, architecture, or quality inferred from motion, optical physiology, EEG, or respiratory signals. Examples: breathing-rate time series, movement-derived sleep window, oxygen desaturation pattern.	Sleep coaching, recovery scoring, clinical sleep staging, sleep-disordered breathing workups, and longitudinal fatigue tracking. Examples: recovery coaching, sleep apnea screening, sleep-stage scoring.
sleep duration	Respiratory and sleep	Well-established consumer	Device-dependent validation	time	Overnight / daily	Sleep duration, staging, architecture, or quality inferred from motion, optical physiology, EEG, or respiratory signals. Examples: breathing-rate time series, movement-derived sleep window, oxygen desaturation pattern.	Sleep coaching, recovery scoring, clinical sleep staging, sleep-disordered breathing workups, and longitudinal fatigue tracking. Examples: recovery coaching, sleep apnea screening, sleep-stage scoring.
sleep stages	Respiratory and sleep	Derived / proxy	Device-dependent validation	event / state	Overnight / daily	Sleep duration, staging, architecture, or quality inferred from motion, optical physiology, EEG, or respiratory signals. Examples: breathing-rate time series, movement-derived sleep window, oxygen desaturation pattern.	Sleep coaching, recovery scoring, clinical sleep staging, sleep-disordered breathing workups, and longitudinal fatigue tracking. Examples: recovery coaching, sleep apnea screening, sleep-stage scoring.
snoring	Respiratory and sleep	Derived / proxy	Product-dependent evidence	event / state	Product-dependent	Detected snoring episodes or snoring duration, usually from microphone, radar, bed sensor, or sleep-monitor algorithms.	Identifying sleep disruptions, airway-related patterns, sleep hygiene issues, and whether bedroom or respiratory factors are fragmenting sleep.
sound level	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	ppm, ug/m3, dB, %, or dose	Continuous / repeated	Personal environmental exposure near the wearer, such as air pollutants, radon, humidity, sound level, or occupational noise dose. Examples: indoor radon/VOC level, occupational noise dose, personal air-quality reading.	Personal exposure logging, workplace compliance, indoor-air-quality action, and environmental risk attribution. Examples: exposure attribution, indoor-air action, workplace compliance.
steps/activity	Musculoskeletal and biomechanics	Well-established consumer	Product-dependent evidence	count, speed, force, or pattern	Continuous / repeated	Body movement, position, posture, or activity intensity from inertial sensors and wearable algorithms. Examples: accelerometer/gyroscope pattern, plantar-pressure map, step timing sequence.	Mobility assessment, Parkinsonian gait/freezing detection, fall-risk context, rehab progress, and cueing or robotic assistance. Examples: fall-risk context, Parkinsonian gait cueing, rehab progress.
systolic blood pressure	Cardiovascular and vascular	Emerging / context-dependent	Clinical / regulated use	mmHg	Continuous / repeated	Systolic/diastolic arterial pressure, either cuff-based or estimated continuously/cufflessly from optical and timing signals. Examples: cuffless optical pulse-wave estimate, inflatable wrist cuff pressure, nighttime BP trend.	Hypertension tracking, medication/lifestyle response, nighttime BP patterns, and cardiovascular risk management without repeated cuff readings. Examples: hypertension follow-up, medication response, nocturnal BP monitoring.
time-weighted noise exposure	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	ppm, ug/m3, dB, %, or dose	Continuous / repeated	Personal environmental exposure near the wearer, such as air pollutants, radon, humidity, sound level, or occupational noise dose. Examples: indoor radon/VOC level, occupational noise dose, personal air-quality reading.	Personal exposure logging, workplace compliance, indoor-air-quality action, and environmental risk attribution. Examples: exposure attribution, indoor-air action, workplace compliance.
total sleep time	Respiratory and sleep	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	score / category	Overnight / daily	Sleep duration, staging, architecture, or quality inferred from motion, optical physiology, EEG, or respiratory signals. Examples: breathing-rate time series, movement-derived sleep window, oxygen desaturation pattern.	Sleep coaching, recovery scoring, clinical sleep staging, sleep-disordered breathing workups, and longitudinal fatigue tracking. Examples: recovery coaching, sleep apnea screening, sleep-stage scoring.
transit time	Metabolic and biochemical	Clinical-grade	Product-dependent evidence	time	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Food intolerance workups, GI motility assessment, fermentation response, capsule diagnostics, and digestive-behavior feedback. Examples: fermentation response, food intolerance assessment, motility testing.
tremor	Neurological and neuromuscular	Emerging / context-dependent	Device-dependent validation	score, severity, or event state	Continuous / repeated	A nervous-system, brain, muscle, movement-disorder, or neuromuscular state inferred from electrophysiology, motion, or symptom-pattern sensing.	Sleep staging, seizure/movement-disorder monitoring, brain-computer interfaces, cognitive workload tracking, neuromodulation targeting, or relaxation feedback. Examples: brain-computer interface control, seizure detection, sleep staging.
urine hydration	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Emerging / research-heavy	score / category	Continuous / repeated	Sweat volume/rate plus inferred fluid loss and hydration state during training, heat, or work exposure. Examples: electrolyte concentration, sodium loss, sweat rate.	Hydration planning, electrolyte replacement, heat-risk prevention, athlete fueling, and occupational safety decisions. Examples: athlete fueling, fluid replacement, heat-risk prevention.
urine specific gravity	Metabolic and biochemical	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A biochemical analyte, gas level, metabolic estimate, or molecular concentration measured from interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, breath, or GI sensing.	Metabolic coaching, molecular monitoring, nutrition or drug-response context, hydration planning, and biochemical trend detection.
vaginal pH	Reproductive and hormonal	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	pH	Spot check / episode	Acidity/alkalinity at a specific site, such as GI pH in motility capsules or skin/wound pH in patches. Examples: local acidity/alkalinity reading, pH trace.	Food intolerance workups, GI motility assessment, fermentation response, capsule diagnostics, and digestive-behavior feedback. Examples: fermentation response, food intolerance assessment, motility testing.
vibration therapy	Therapeutic output and device control	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-regulated output	event / state	Session / event-based	A device output or therapy event, such as insulin dose/delivery, electrical stimulation, haptic feedback, or neuromodulation session. Examples: assistance or haptic-output level, dose event, stimulation session.	Closed-loop or on-body therapy, symptom relief, assistive control, rehabilitation support, and product output verification. Examples: assistive control, closed-loop therapy, symptom relief.
VOCs	Environmental exposure	Well-established consumer	Instrument-grade / exposure	ppm, ug/m3, dB, %, or dose	Continuous / repeated	Personal environmental exposure near the wearer, such as air pollutants, radon, humidity, sound level, or occupational noise dose. Examples: indoor radon/VOC level, occupational noise dose, personal air-quality reading.	Personal exposure logging, workplace compliance, indoor-air-quality action, and environmental risk attribution. Examples: exposure attribution, indoor-air action, workplace compliance.
weight	Cardiovascular and vascular	Emerging / context-dependent	Product-dependent evidence	score / category	Product-dependent	A cardiovascular measure or derived cardiac/vascular state, usually interpreted from ECG, optical pulse, pressure, or rhythm algorithms.	Cardiac risk context, rhythm review, vascular trend tracking, recovery interpretation, and escalation to clinical review where appropriate.

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AirthingsOslo, Norway	Wave Plus	Available	Environmental and occupational exposure wearables	Indoor exposure nearable	Nearable / environmental	B2B / Workplace	Wave Plus is an indoor exposure monitor that measures radon, VOCs, carbon dioxide, humidity, ambient temperature. Company: Indoor air-quality company building connected radon, VOC, CO2, humidity, and particulate-monitoring devices.	Website LinkedIn	Oslo, Norway
Aktiia / HiloNeuchatel, Switzerland	Hilo Core / Hilo Band	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Cuffless blood pressure	Wrist band plus upper-arm cuff and app	ConsumerMedical	Hilo Core combines an optical wrist band for long-term blood-pressure pattern awareness, an FDA-cleared upper-arm reference cuff and the Hilo Core app. The U.S. system is positioned for general wellness rather than diagnosis or clinical monitoring. Company: Swiss-origin blood-pressure technology company commercializing optical cuffless monitoring and wellness systems under Hilo.	Website LinkedIn	Neuchatel, Switzerland
AliveCorMountain View, United States	KardiaMobile / KardiaMobile 6L	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Handheld ECG	Handheld three-electrode ECG device	Medical	Handheld one- and six-lead personal ECG devices for recording symptom-triggered rhythm strips and sharing them with clinicians. Company: Digital cardiac health company known for portable ECG devices and FDA-cleared arrhythmia algorithms.	Website LinkedIn	Mountain View, United States
AppleCupertino, United States	Apple Watch	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Smartwatch ECG	Wrist-worn	Medical	Apple Watch is a smartwatch platform with an ECG app/feature that records a single-lead ECG waveform and supports heart-rhythm / AFib indication use cases on supported models. Company: Consumer technology company integrating health, fitness, hearing, and regulated features into Apple Watch and AirPods.	Website LinkedIn	Cupertino, United States
Atmo BiosciencesBox Hill, Australia	Atmo Gas Capsule	Available	Gut tracking, ingestibles and flatulence	Gut gas capsule	Ingestible capsule	Medical	Atmo Gas Capsule is a gut gas capsule that measures gut hydrogen, gut methane, gut carbon dioxide, gut oxygen, GI temperature. Company: Australian medtech company developing ingestible gas-sensing capsules for gastrointestinal diagnostics.	Website LinkedIn	Box Hill, Australia
AtmotubeSan Francisco, United States	PRO 2	Available	Environmental and occupational exposure wearables	Personal air-quality monitor	Nearable / environmental	B2B / Workplace	PRO 2 is a personal air-quality monitor that measures particulate matter, VOCs, NOx, carbon dioxide, humidity. Company: Personal air-quality monitor company making portable sensors for environmental exposure tracking.	Website LinkedIn	San Francisco, United States
Ava WomenAustin, United States	Ava Fertility	Available	Intimate, reproductive and femtech wearables	Fertility tracking bracelet	Wrist-worn	ConsumerMedical	Ava Fertility is an overnight wrist bracelet and app that collects continuous physiological data during sleep to estimate the fertile window. Company: Women’s reproductive-health company offering wearable and app-based fertility and cycle-tracking tools.	Website LinkedIn	Austin, United States
Beacon BiosignalsBoston, United States	Waveband	Available	Eye, ear, brain and sensory wearables	Clinical EEG sleep headband	Head-worn	MedicalB2B / Workplace	Waveband is Beacon Biosignals’ at-home EEG headband, formerly Dreem 3S, for clinical-grade EEG collection and automated sleep staging. Company: Neurotechnology and clinical-trial company developing EEG analytics, sleep staging, and wearable brain-monitoring tools for CNS research.	Website LinkedIn	Boston, United States
Corsano HealthThe Hague, Netherlands	CardioWatch 287-2 / Corsano multi-parameter wearable	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Remote patient monitoring wearable	Wrist-worn wearable with connected blood-pressure, spirometry and weight peripherals	Medical	CardioWatch 287-2 is a wrist-worn patient-monitoring device for adult non-acutely ill patients in professional healthcare facilities, skilled nursing facilities or home monitoring under trained healthcare professionals. The Corsano monitoring system can combine its continuous wrist signals with compatible blood-pressure, spirometry and weight devices. Company: Netherlands-based medical technology company developing medical-grade wearable and cloud systems for continuous remote patient monitoring.	Website LinkedIn	The Hague, Netherlands
Earable NeuroscienceBoulder, United States	FRENZ Brainband	Research	Eye, ear, brain and sensory wearables	EEG / fNIRS mental fitness and sleep headbands	Head-worn	ConsumerAcademic / Lab	FRENZ Brainband is an EEG meditation and sleep headband that measures EEG, EOG, EMG, sleep stages, neurofeedback state. Company: Neurotechnology company building head-worn sleep and cognitive-performance wearables.	Website LinkedIn	Boulder, United States
EmpaticaBoston, United States	EpiMonitor	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Seizure monitoring system	Wrist-worn	Medical	EpiMonitor is Empatica’s seizure-monitoring system. It uses the EmbracePlus wrist wearable and companion app to detect possible generalized tonic-clonic seizures, alert caregivers, and support seizure, sleep, and activity diaries. Company: Medical wearable company building seizure, clinical monitoring, actigraphy, and remote-care devices using wrist-worn biosensors.	Website LinkedIn	Boston, United States
FoodMarbleDublin, Ireland	AIRE 2	Available	Gut tracking, ingestibles and flatulence	Breath gut-fermentation tracker	Handheld / breath device	ConsumerMedical	AIRE 2 is a breath-based gut-fermentation tracker that measures breath hydrogen, breath methane, fermentation response. Company: Digestive health company making consumer breath analyzers for fermentation and food-response tracking.	Website LinkedIn	Dublin, Ireland
GlakoLensIstanbul, Turkey	GlakoLens smart contact lens	In development	Eye, ear, brain and sensory wearables	Glaucoma IOP monitoring smart contact lens	Contact lens / eye	Medical	GlakoLens is developing a non-invasive smart contact lens system for 24-hour continuous intraocular-pressure monitoring, intended to help doctors diagnose glaucoma earlier and personalize glaucoma treatment decisions. Company: Medical technology company developing a smart diagnostic contact lens system for glaucoma management and continuous intraocular-pressure monitoring.	Website LinkedIn	Istanbul, Turkey
Happy HealthAustin, United States	Happy Ring	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Ring-based home sleep test	Finger / ring	Medical	Happy Ring is a finger-worn medical smart ring used in Happy Health Home Sleep Test, an FDA-cleared software-as-a-medical-device workflow for evaluating sleep-related breathing disorders at home under clinician direction. Happy Sleep is the patient-facing care platform around the test. Company: Health technology company behind the Happy Ring medical smart ring and Happy Sleep, a home sleep-testing and sleep-care platform.	Website LinkedIn	Austin, United States
iRhythmSan Francisco, United States	Zio	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	ECG patch	Skin patch / adhesive	Medical	Zio is an ECG patch that measures ECG waveform, heart rhythm, AFib / arrhythmia indication, heart rate. Company: Digital cardiac diagnostics company known for Zio ambulatory ECG patch monitoring.	Website LinkedIn	San Francisco, United States
Itamar Medical / ZOLLCaesarea / Chelmsford, Israel / United States	WatchPAT	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Sleep apnea home test	Finger sensor / probe	Medical	WatchPAT is a home sleep-apnea test that measures sleep apnea events, oxygen saturation / SpO2, pulse rate, peripheral arterial tone, actigraphy. Company: Sleep diagnostics company within ZOLL known for WatchPAT home sleep apnea testing.	Website LinkedIn	Caesarea / Chelmsford, Israel / United States
keggSan Francisco, United States	kegg	Available	Intimate, reproductive and femtech wearables	Cervical-fluid fertility monitor	Intra-vaginal / intimate device	Consumer	kegg is a cervical-fluid fertility monitor that measures cervical fluid electrolytes, fertile-window signal. Company: Fertility technology company making a cervical-fluid electrolyte monitor.	Website LinkedIn	San Francisco, United States
MedtronicMinneapolis, United States	PillCam SB3	Available	Gut tracking, ingestibles and flatulence	Capsule endoscopy	Ingestible capsule	Medical	PillCam SB3 is Medtronic’s ingestible capsule endoscopy system for direct visualization of the small bowel. It captures gastrointestinal camera images for physician review; newer PillCam Genius kits add a body-adhered link device for at-home or hybrid capsule procedures. Company: Global medical technology company with diabetes, gastrointestinal, neuromodulation, and surgical platforms.	Website LinkedIn	Minneapolis, United States
MedtronicMinneapolis, United States	SmartPill Motility Testing System	Discontinued	Gut tracking, ingestibles and flatulence	GI motility capsule	Ingestible capsule	Medical	SmartPill Motility Testing System was a formerly sold clinical wireless motility capsule that measured GI pH, pressure, temperature and transit time across the gastrointestinal tract. It is included as a discontinued historical product, not as a currently available Medtronic product. Company: Global medical technology company with diabetes, gastrointestinal, neuromodulation, and surgical platforms.	Website LinkedIn	Minneapolis, United States
MuseToronto, Canada	Muse 2 Headband / Muse S Athena	Research	Eye, ear, brain and sensory wearables	EEG / fNIRS mental fitness and sleep headbands	Head-worn	ConsumerMedicalAcademic / Lab	Muse 2 Headband is a directly orderable EEG headband for meditation, focus and calm training. Muse S Athena is a sleep and cognitive-fitness headband combining EEG with fNIRS, with features for sleep support, stress, focus and recovery-oriented insights. Company: Consumer neurotechnology company making EEG headbands for meditation and sleep feedback.	Website LinkedIn	Toronto, Canada
Nuance AudioCharenton-le-Pont, France	Nuance Audio Glasses	Available	Eye, ear, brain and sensory wearables	Hearing glasses	Eyewear / glasses	ConsumerMedical	Nuance Audio Glasses combine prescription-style eyewear with built-in hearing technology for mild-to-moderate hearing support; the product amplifies and shapes audio for the wearer rather than measuring a clinical biomarker. Company: EssilorLuxottica hearing-technology brand building audio glasses for mild-to-moderate hearing support.	Website LinkedIn	Charenton-le-Pont, France
OmronKyoto, Japan	HeartGuide	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Watch-style blood-pressure cuff	Wrist-worn	Medical	HeartGuide is a watch-style blood-pressure cuff that measures blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate. Company: Medical device company known for blood-pressure monitors and cardiovascular home-health devices.	Website LinkedIn	Kyoto, Japan
OvuSenseOld Saybrook, United States	OvuCore	Available	Intimate, reproductive and femtech wearables	Temperature-based fertility tracker	Intra-vaginal / intimate device	ConsumerMedical	OvuCore is an intra-vaginal temperature fertility sensor that measures core body temperature, ovulation temperature shift. Company: Fertility technology company making vaginal temperature sensors for ovulation tracking.	Website LinkedIn	Old Saybrook, United States
PKG Health / Global KineticsMelbourne, Australia	PKG Watch	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Parkinson’s monitoring	Wrist-worn	MedicalB2B / Workplace	PKG Watch is a Parkinson’s monitoring device that measures tremor, bradykinesia, dyskinesia, motion, medication response patterns. Company: Movement-disorder monitoring company building wrist-worn Parkinson’s assessment tools.	Website LinkedIn	Melbourne, Australia
ResMedSan Diego, United States	NightOwl	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Sleep apnea home test	Finger sensor / probe	Medical	NightOwl is a home sleep-apnea test that measures sleep apnea events, oxygen saturation / SpO2, pulse rate, peripheral arterial tone, actigraphy. Company: Connected respiratory health company with sleep apnea, ventilation, and home sleep testing products.	Website LinkedIn	San Diego, United States
SamsungSuwon, South Korea	Galaxy Watch	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Smartwatch ECG	Wrist-worn	Medical	Galaxy Watch is a smartwatch platform with an ECG app/feature for ECG waveform capture and heart-rhythm / AFib indication use cases on supported models and in supported markets. Company: Consumer electronics company with Galaxy Watch, Galaxy Ring, and regulated health features.	Website LinkedIn	Suwon, South Korea
SensimedEtagnières, Switzerland	Triggerfish	Available	Eye, ear, brain and sensory wearables	Smart contact lens for glaucoma monitoring	Contact lens / eye	Medical	Triggerfish is a smart contact lens for glaucoma monitoring that measures intraocular pressure pattern, ocular dimensional change. Company: Ophthalmic device company known for the Triggerfish smart contact lens sensor.	Website LinkedIn	Etagnières, Switzerland
Sky LabsSeongnam, South Korea	CART BP	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Cuffless blood pressure	Finger-worn ring	ConsumerMedical	CART BP is a consumer-available, finger-worn ring blood-pressure monitor that automatically tracks systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate for up to 24-hour monitoring, including nighttime use. CART BP pro is the clinical product family for 24-hour blood-pressure measurement, with CE-MDR certification, UK MHRA registration, national-health-study adoption and clinical-trial or real-world-evidence use positioning reported in 2026. Company: South Korean digital healthcare company developing ring-type cuffless blood-pressure monitoring products for direct-to-consumer and professional hypertension monitoring.	Website LinkedIn	Seongnam, South Korea
TSIShoreview, United States	Quest Edge / OmniWear	Available	Environmental and occupational exposure wearables	Noise exposure dosimeter	Nearable / environmental	B2B / Workplace	Quest Edge / OmniWear is a noise exposure dosimeter that measures noise dose, sound level, time-weighted noise exposure. Company: Measurement-instrument company making occupational exposure and industrial hygiene monitoring tools.	Website LinkedIn	Shoreview, United States
University of MarylandCollege Park, United States	Smart Underwear / Human Flatus Atlas	Research	Gut tracking, ingestibles and flatulence	Flatulence measurement underwear	Smart textile / clothing	Academic / Lab	Smart Underwear / Human Flatus Atlas is a flatulence measurement underwear that measures flatus hydrogen, gas events. Company: Research university represented here by experimental flatus-sensing smart underwear work.	Website LinkedIn	College Park, United States
Vibrant GastroAustin, United States	Vibrant System	Available	Gut tracking, ingestibles and flatulence	Vibrating constipation capsule	Ingestible capsule	Medical	Vibrant System is a vibrating constipation capsule that delivers timed vibration therapy to stimulate colonic motility and support GI transit response. Company: GI therapeutics company making an ingestible vibrating capsule for chronic constipation.	Website LinkedIn	Austin, United States
VitalConnectSan Jose, United States	VitalPatch	Available	Cardiovascular and clinical monitoring	Remote patient monitoring patch	Skin patch / adhesive	MedicalB2B / Workplace	VitalPatch is a disposable wearable biosensor patch for remote and in-hospital monitoring of ECG-derived and vital-sign data. Company: Wearable biosensor company providing wireless patient monitoring for inpatient, outpatient, cardiac-monitoring, and pharmaceutical-study settings.	Website LinkedIn	San Jose, United States
VivooSan Francisco, United States	FlowPad	In development	Intimate, reproductive and femtech wearables	Hormone-sensing menstrual pad	Intra-vaginal / intimate device	Consumer	FlowPad is Vivoo’s official coming-soon smart sanitary pad concept for women’s health, using microfluidic sample channels to assess biochemical markers such as FSH and vaginal pH. It is not yet shown as a regular orderable product. Company: At-home wellness testing company building app-connected urine, hydration, and women’s health testing products.	Website LinkedIn	San Francisco, United States
VivooSan Francisco, United States	Vivoo Smart Toilet	Available	Metabolic and biochemical wearables	Urine hydration nearable	Smart toilet / bathroom fixture	Consumer	Vivoo Smart Toilet is a pre-order bathroom nearable that measures hydration from urine during normal toilet use and sends real-time hydration results to the Vivoo app without disposable strips. Company: At-home wellness testing company building app-connected urine, hydration, and women’s health testing products.	Website LinkedIn	San Francisco, United States
WithingsIssy-les-Moulineaux, France	Withings Sleep Analyzer	Available	Sleep and recovery nearables	Under-mattress sleep apnea sensor	Under-mattress sensor	Medical	Withings Sleep Analyzer is an under-mattress nearable sensor that tracks sleep, heart rate, snoring, respiratory disturbances, and sleep-apnea-related events without being worn. Company: Connected health company making home health devices, watches, scales, and sleep sensors.	Website LinkedIn	Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
XpanceoDubai, United Arab Emirates	XPANCEO smart contact lens prototypes	In development	Eye, ear, brain and sensory wearables	Next-gen smart contact lens	Contact lens / eye	Unclear	XPANCEO is developing smart contact lens prototypes for AR, power, IOP sensing, and biochemical sensing applications. Company: Deep-tech company developing smart contact lenses and advanced optical/electronic lens platforms.	Website LinkedIn	Dubai, United Arab Emirates

This market map is a research draft for informational purposes only. Product availability, regulatory status, biomarker claims, company details, and links may change over time and should be independently verified before editorial, clinical, investment, purchasing, or partnership decisions. Nothing here is medical advice or an endorsement of any product or company.