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The PLAU-ITGB1-TGF-β axis orchestrates spatiotemporal reprogramming of fibroblasts at the invasive front to drive dual immunosuppressive niche and immunotherapy resistance in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Source: Nature - Biotechnology • Published: 16 Jul 2026, 00:00

The PLAU-ITGB1-TGF-β axis orchestrates spatiotemporal reprogramming of fibroblasts at the invasive front to drive dual immunosuppressive niche and immunotherapy resistance in oral squamous cell carcinoma

An integrated multi-omics and spatial atlas maps how a PLAU–ITGB1–TGF-β signaling axis reprograms fibroblasts at tumor margins into immunosuppressive COL11A1+ fibroblasts.

Key Takeaways
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  • These specialized fibroblasts remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM)
  • Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Dr
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