Cold microwave plasma jets for wound healing: antimicrobial efficacy, mechanisms and changes in microbial cells
Cold microwave plasma jets effectively inactivated Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Cutibacterium acnes and Nakaseomyces glabratus under optimized, tissue‑safe conditions. Mechanistic assays (colorimetry, SEM/TEM) identify reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) as the primary antimicrobial agent and show cell‑wall perforation, vacuole enlargement, vesiculation, and intracellular leakage in treated microbes.
Why it mattersPlasma jet treatment inactivated Staphylococcus epidermidis, resulting in reduced wound infection risk and fewer antibiotics.